CO-WOA: Novel Optimization Approach for Deep Learning Classification of Fish Image

The most significant groupings of cold-blooded creatures are the fish family. It is crucial to recognize and categorize the most significant species of fish since various species of seafood diseases and decay exhibit different symptoms. Systems based on enhanced deep learning can replace the area's currently cumbersome and sluggish traditional approaches. Although it seems straightforward, classifying fish images is a complex procedure. In addition, the scientific study of population distribution and geographic patterns is important for advancing the field's present advancements. The goal of the proposed work is to identify the best performing strategy using cutting-edge computer vision, the Chaotic Oppositional Based Whale Optimization Algorithm (CO-WOA), and data mining techniques. Performance comparisons with leading models, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and VGG-19, are made to confirm the applicability of the suggested method. The suggested feature extraction approach with Proposed Deep Learning Model was used in the research, yielding accuracy rates of 100 %. The performance was also compared to cutting-edge image processing models with an accuracy of 98.48 %, 98.58 %, 99.04 %, 98.44 %, 99.18 % and 99.63 % such as Convolutional Neural Networks, ResNet150V2, DenseNet, Visual Geometry Group-19, Inception V3, Xception. Using an empirical method leveraging artificial neural networks, the Proposed Deep Learning model was shown to be the best model.     

The effect of slow-growth strategy on a production of Petunia × hybrida Vilm. microcuttings

Petunia × hybrida Vilm. is a fast-growing ornamental plant that was cultured under varying storage conditions to address seasonal fluctuations in microcutting demand. The effects of storage period (16 to 32 wk), temperature (15 to 23°C), low and high light intensity, sucrose (1 to 5% w/v), and mannitol (0 to 4% w/v) in factorial arrangements were analyzed. Stored and non-stored shoots were compared for microcutting production, harvested twice at 3-wk intervals, and were subsequently transferred to the greenhouse for 17 d. Nearly all plants from 16-wk storage survived well at all treatment conditions and the quality and quantity of microcuttings were enhanced from shoots stored at 15°C and 3% (w/v) sucrose, without mannitol for all storage periods. Another experiment tested 11- to 25-wk storage period with Petunia hybrida ‘Ragtime’ and ‘Suncatcher’ at 12°C and low light intensity. Repeated cycles of microcutting at 2-wk intervals were extended with ex vitro rooting in the greenhouse for 15 d. More and better quality microcuttings were obtained from the second and third cutting cycles than from the first or fourth cycles. By reducing temperature and light intensity, Petunia hybrida was successfully stored for 32 wk (without mannitol). A seasonal schedule with a short production window, followed by cutting large numbers of high-quality shoot-tips, could be affected and efficiently managed through storage. The value of stored shoots was enhanced by extending the number of times a shoot could be cut over repeated cutting cycles with a gain in microcutting quality.

     

Mycological assisted phytoremediation enhancement of bioenergy crops Zea mays and ‎Helianthus annuus in heavy metal contaminated lithospheric zone

Current investigation has for the first time utilized Trichocomaceae fungi i.e. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus and Pencillium i.e. Penicillium chrysogenum for augmenting the phytoremediation potential of bioenergy crops wheat (Zea mays) and ? sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Phytoremediation was done for mitigation of heavy metals i.e. Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) from contaminated soils of agricultural significance. Phytoremediant crops were inoculated with fungal cultures by three methods i.e. mixing method, seed inoculation method and layering spreading method. Maize and sunflower plants after fungal inoculation were harvested after 60 days of germination. The estimation of % biomass and bioenergy of maize and sunflower plants was done. Results were indicative of the good phytoremediation potential of roots and shoots for uptake of heavy metals i.e. CrAspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus flavus by fungal inoculation methods. Sunflower and fungal inoculum of Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium chrysogenum extracted significant quantity of metals from the soil. By three fungal inoculation methods, range of % production of biomass was 84?87% and sunflower plants dry biomass 9.6 g yielded 0.16% of oil. Obtained results are have favored the use of fungal inoculation as an effective mode for phytoremediation augmentation of maize and sunflower. Furthermore, current work also signifies the sustainable conversion of bioenergy crops to biofuel production in a cost effective mode.     

Cytokines and growth factors cross-link heparan sulfate

The glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS), present at the surface of most cells and ubiquitous in extracellular matrix, binds many soluble extracellular signalling molecules such as chemokines and growth factors, and regulates their transport and effector functions. It is, however, unknown whether upon binding HS these proteins can affect the long-range structure of HS. To test this idea, we interrogated a supramolecular model system, in which HS chains grafted to streptavidin-functionalized oligoethylene glycol monolayers or supported lipid bilayers mimic the HS-rich pericellular or extracellular matrix, with the biophysical techniques quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). We were able to control and characterize the supramolecular presentation of HS chains—their local density, orientation, conformation and lateral mobility—and their interaction with proteins. The chemokine CXCL12α (or SDF-1α) rigidified the HS film, and this effect was due to protein-mediated cross-linking of HS chains. Complementary measurements with CXCL12α mutants and the CXCL12γ isoform provided insight into the molecular mechanism underlying cross-linking. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), which has three HS binding sites, was also found to cross-link HS, but FGF-9, which has just one binding site, did not. Based on these data, we propose that the ability to cross-link HS is a generic feature of many cytokines and growth factors, which depends on the architecture of their HS binding sites. The ability to change matrix organization and physico-chemical properties (e.g. permeability and rigidification) implies that the functions of cytokines and growth factors may not simply be confined to the activation of cognate cellular receptors.     

Humoral immune response to filarial antigens in chyluria

Humoral immune parameters like total immunoglobulins and specific antibody levels in serum were studied in filarial chyluria patients. Mean serum IgG was significantly reduced in this group compared to normal controls, while IgA and IgM levels remained comparable to controls. Anti-filarial antibody titre as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay also was significantly reduced. However, the total and specific IgE antibody titre was similar to that of controls. Specific IgE contents of the patients’ sera could be related to their microfilaraemic status.     

INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN THE GROUND SPIDER,Pardosa sumatrana (THORELL, 1890; ARANEAE: LYCOSIDAE)

Elevated levels of insecticides detoxifying enzymes, such as esterases, glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs), and cytochrome P‐450 monooxygenases, act in the resistance mechanisms in insects. In the present study, levels of these enzymes in the insecticide‐resistant ground spider Pardosa sumatrana (Thorell, 1890) were compared with a susceptible population (control) of the same species. Standard protocols were used for biochemical estimation of enzymes. The results showed significantly higher levels of nonspecific esterases and monooxygenases in resistant spiders compared to controls. The activity of GSTs was lower in the resistant spiders. Elevated levels of nonspecific esterases and monooxygenases suggest their role in metabolic resistance in P. sumatrana. The reduced levels of total protein contents revealed its possible consumption to meet energy demands.     

Computational design of Phe-Tyr dipeptide and preparation,characterization, cytotoxicity studies of Phe-Tyr dipeptide loaded PLGA nanoparticles for the treatment of hypertension

Phe-Tyr dipeptide which was investigated in Wakame food with greatest ACE-inhibitory activity is used as a pharmaceutical drug for the treatment of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetic nephropathy. To improve the bioavailability of Phe-Tyr, a delivery system based on poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with Phe-Tyr (Phe-Tyr-PLGA NPs) for treating hypertension and cardiovascular diseases was prepared in this study. In the experiments, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and Phe-Tyr dipeptide-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were prepared using the double emulsion (w/o/w) method. The characterizations of the nanoparticles were performed with a UV–vis spectrometer, the Zeta-sizer system, and FTIR spectrometer. The optimum size of the Phe-Tyr dipeptide-loaded PLGA nanoparticle was obtained with a 213.8 nm average particle size, and a 0.061 polydispersity index, ?19.5 mV zeta potential, 34% of loaded and 90.09% of encapsulation efficiency. From TEM analysis, it was clearly seen that the dipeptide loaded nanoparticles had the spherical and non-aggregated morphology and Phe-Tyr dipeptide loaded-PLGA nanoparticles were obtained successfully. Cell toxicity of nanoparticles at different concentrations was assayed with XTT methods on L929 fibroblast cells. This study determined that the nanoparticles have low toxicity at lower concentration and toxicity augmented with increasing concentration of dipeptide. To analyze the effect of solvents on structure of Phe-Tyr, Molecular dynamics simulation was performed with GROMACS program and molecular orbital calculations were carried out to obtain structural and electronic properties of dipeptide. Moreover, molecular docking calculations were also employed to model and predict protein–drug interactions.     

Impact of Laboratory Test Use Strategies in a Turkish Hospital

ObjectivesEliminating unnecessary laboratory tests is a good way to reduce costs while maintain patient safety. The aim of this study was to define and process strategies to rationalize laboratory use in Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital (ANH) and calculate potential savings in costs.MethodsA collaborative plan was defined by hospital managers; joint meetings with ANHTA and laboratory professors were set; the joint committee invited relevant staff for input, and a laboratory efficiency committee was created. Literature was reviewed systematically to identify strategies used to improve laboratory efficiency. Strategies that would be applicable in local settings were identified for implementation, processed, and the impact on clinical use and costs assessed for 12 months.ResultsLaboratory use in ANH differed enormously among clinics. Major use was identified in internal medicine. The mean number of tests per patient was 15.8. Unnecessary testing for chloride, folic acid, free prostate specific antigen, hepatitis and HIV testing were observed. Test panel use was pinpointed as the main cause of overuse of the laboratory and the Hospital Information System test ordering page was reorganized. A significant decrease (between 12.6–85.0%) was observed for the tests that were taken to an alternative page on the computer screen. The one year study saving was equivalent to 371,183 US dollars.ConclusionHospital-based committees including laboratory professionals and clinicians can define hospital based problems and led to a standardized approach to test use that can help clinicians reduce laboratory costs through appropriate use of laboratory tests.     

The Genome Sequence of the Cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506 Reveals Several Gene Clusters Responsible for the Biosynthesis of Toxins and Secondary Metabolites

We report a draft sequence of the genome of Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506, a cyanobacterium that produces anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a, two neurotoxins, and cylindrospermopsin, a cytotoxin. Beside the clusters of genes responsible for the biosynthesis of these toxins, we have found other clusters of genes likely involved in the biosynthesis of not-yet-identified secondary metabolites.The presence in the environment of cyanobacteria producing toxins represents a risk for human and animal health (5). It is thus important to develop methodologies to detect these toxic microorganisms in water reservoirs, and so far, PCR-based amplification of genes responsible for the biosynthesis of these toxins is the best method (1). We have been interested in the study of cyanobacteria producing the neurotoxins anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a (2, 17, 18). Our goals were first to identify the genes responsible for the biosynthesis of these toxins and to deepen our knowledge of this interesting group of bacteria. For that, we chose Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506 (4, 6, 14), a filamentous benthic cyanobacterium, as our model microorganism and initiated the sequencing of its genome.Whole-genome shotgun sequencing of Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506 was performed using the 454 technology (GATC, Konstanz, Germany), giving 677,304 reads, with a total number of 164 megabases, representing an estimated coverage of 24. Assembly yielded 419 contigs consisting of 6,729,249 bases with a G+C content of 43.40%. Automatic annotation of this genome using the MaGe pipeline system (16) predicted 6,007 coding sequences (CDS), 61 fragments of CDS, and 84 genes coding for RNA (4 rRNA genes, 70 tRNA genes, and 10 small noncoding RNAs [ncRNAs]).Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506 is an aerobic photosynthetic and diazotrophic cyanobacterium that shows transient and dispersed gas vesicles (4, 6). We found 37 genes coding for proteins involved in photosynthesis and the nif gene cluster, responsible for nitrogen fixation. However, we could not identify any gene coding for a hydrogenase (15), as for Synechococcus sp. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"BG043511","term_id":"12489990","term_text":"BG043511"}}BG043511 (8). Four genes were annotated as gas vesicle protein (gvp) genes (13).Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506 produces anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a, and we recently identified the ana cluster of genes, responsible for the biosynthesis of these alkaloids (3, 10, 11). We also identified the cluster of genes (cyr) responsible for the biosynthesis of cylindrospermopsin (9, 12). Cyanobacteria are known to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites (7), and 3.7% of the total annotated CDS in this genome were dedicated to secondary metabolism. We identified, beside the ana and cyr clusters, four other clusters of genes containing polyketide synthase and nonribosomal peptide synthase coding genes, likely involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.We found 51 transposase genes in the Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506 genome, some close to the biosynthetic gene clusters identified, suggesting horizontal gene transfer events.In conclusion, we present here the sequence of the first genome of an Oscillatoria cyanobacterium strain, a very common genus found in the environment, and the first genome of a neurotoxin-producing cyanobacterium.