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61.
Suzuki Y Gómez-Guerrero C Shirato I López-Franco O Gallego-Delgado J Sanjuán G Lázaro A Hernández-Vargas P Okumura K Tomino Y Ra C Egido J 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2003,170(6):3243-3253
In immune complex (IC) diseases, FcR are essential molecules facilitating polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) recruitment and effector functions at the IC site. Although FcR-dependent initial tethering and FcR/integrin-dependent PMN accumulation were postulated, their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We here addressed potential mechanisms involved in PMN recruitment in acute IC glomerulonephritis (nephrotoxic nephritis). Since some renal cells may be recruited from bone marrow (BM) lineages, reconstitution studies with BM chimeras and PMN transfer between wild-type (WT) and FcR-deficient mice (gamma(-/-)) were performed. Severe glomerular damage was induced in WT and W gamma chimeras (BM from WT to irradiated gamma(-/-)), while it was absent in gamma(-/-) and gamma W chimeras (gamma(-/-) BM to WT). Moreover, WT PMN transfer, but not gamma(-/-) PMN, reconstituted the disease in gamma(-/-), indicating that FcR on resident cells is not a prerequisite for PMN recruitment in this disease. Surprisingly, transferred WT PMN were recruited coincidentally with NF-kappa B activation and TNF-alpha overexpression even in glomeruli with preformed IC (nephrotoxic Ab administered 3 days previously), suggesting that PMN can initially be recruited via its own FcR without previous chemoattractant release. Furthermore, H(2)O(2) inhibition by catalase attenuated the acute WT PMN recruitment and the induction of NF-kappa B and TNF-alpha much more than integrin (CD18) blockade, indicating a role for the respiratory burst before integrin-dependent accumulation. In coculture experiments with IC-stimulated PMN and glomeruli, PMN caused acute glomerular TNF-alpha expression predominantly via FcR-mediated H(2)O(2) production. In conclusion, glomerular IC, even preformed, can cause PMN recruitment and injury through PMN FcR-mediated respiratory burst during initial PMN tethering to IC. 相似文献
62.
Supajatura V Ushio H Wada A Yahiro K Okumura K Ogawa H Hirayama T Ra C 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2002,168(6):2603-2607
Mucosal mast cells strategically located at the optimal site interact with invading bacteria. Presence of VacA, the virulent Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin, is correlated with the severity of H. pylori-induced gastritis. To examine the mechanisms of inflammation in H. pylori-induced gastritis, we administered VacA to the mice. Inoculation of VacA resulted in epithelium vacuolization and marked infiltrations of mast cells and mononuclear cells into the mucosal epithelium within 24 h. In an in vitro study using bone marrow-derived mast cells, VacA directly bound and showed a chemotactic activity to the mast cell. In addition, VacA induced bone marrow-derived mast cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha, macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 in a dose-dependent manner without causing degranulation. The present study suggests that early activation of mast cells by VacA may be the host early response to clear the bacteria and also may contribute to the pathogenesis of H. pylori-induced gastritis. 相似文献
63.
64.
Protein phosphatases 2C are a family of conserved enzymes involved in many aspects of the cell biology. We reported that, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, overexpression of the Ptc3p isoform resulted in increased lithium tolerance in the hypersensitive hal3 background. We have found that the tolerance induced by PTC3 overexpression is also observed in wild-type cells and that this is most probably the result of increased expression of the ENA1 Na(+)-ATPase mediated by the Hog1 MAP kinase pathway. This effect does not require a catalytically active protein. Surprisingly, deletion of PTC3 (similarly to that of PTC2, PTC4 or PTC5) does not confer a lithium-sensitive phenotype, but mutation of PTC1 does. Lack of PTC1 in an ena1-4 background did not result in additive lithium sensitivity and the ptc1 mutant showed a decreased expression of the ENA1 gene in cells stressed with LiCl. In agreement, under these conditions, the ptc1 mutant was less effective in extruding Li(+) and accumulated higher concentrations of this cation. Deletion of PTC1 in a hal3 background did not exacerbate the halosensitive phenotype of the hal3 strain. In addition, induction from the ENA1 promoter under LiCl stress decreased similarly (50%) in hal3, ptc1 and ptc1 hal3 mutants. Finally, mutation of PTC1 virtually abolishes the increased tolerance to toxic cations provided by overexpression of Hal3p. These results indicate that Ptc1p modulates the function of Ena1p by regulating the Hal3/Ppz1,2 pathway. In conclusion, overexpression of PTC3 and lack of PTC1 affect lithium tolerance in yeast, although through different mechanisms. 相似文献
65.
水分和磷调控的澳大利亚桉树林林下植物群落组合对二氧化碳浓度升高的响应
鉴于林下植物群落具有的关键性功能作用和全球范围内巨大的森林覆盖面积,研究林下群落对 CO2浓度升高(eCO2)的响应以及土壤资源在这些响应中的作用,对于了解CO2浓度升高对森林生态系统造成的影响非常重要。本研究评估了在澳大利亚东部磷有限的桉树林林下群落中,两种限制性的资源(即水分和磷)在发芽、物候、覆盖率、群落组成和叶片性状等方面对eCO2响应的作用。我们收集了含有当地土壤种子库的土壤,在温室条件下种植实验性的林下植物群落。研究结果表明,添加磷提高了植物的总体覆盖率,特别是在生长期的最初4 周以及水分含量高的条件下,而且该响应是由植物群落中的类禾本科植物所驱动。然而,随着实验的进行,不同处理方法之间的差异逐渐减小,所有处理在大约11周后均达到了80%左右的植物覆盖率。相反,植物覆盖率并未受到eCO2 的影响。多元分析结果反映出植物群落组成随时间的变化,盆栽从以裸土为主变为以高覆盖率的多样化群落为主。但是在实验过程中,磷的添加以及水分可利用性和CO2之间的相互作用都对植物群落随时间的变化轨迹有所影响。CO2浓度的升高也增加了群落水平的比叶面积,这表明植物群落对eCO2的功能适应可能发生在成分响应开始之前。鉴于我们用种子库培育的林下群落对eCO2 的响应随着时间的推移而有 所变化,并且受到与磷和水分可利用性的相互作用的调节。我们的结果表明,在水分含量有限的系统中, 特别是在土壤养分可利用性低所导致的生产力响应受限的情况下,CO2浓度的升高在塑造植物群落方面作用有限。 相似文献
66.
Gutiérrez AM Reboredo GR Mosca SM Catalá A 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》2006,282(1-2):109-115
Birds – particularly long-lived species – have special adaptations for preventing tissue damage caused by reactive oxygen
species. The objective of the present study was to analyse the fatty acid composition and non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation
of mitochondria and microsomes obtained from liver, heart and brain of quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), a short-lived bird. Fatty acids located in total lipids of rat liver, heart and brain mitochondria and microsomes were
determined using gas chromatography and lipid peroxidation was evaluated using a chemiluminescence assay. The unsaturated
fatty acid content found in mitochondria and microsomes of all tissue examined was approximately 50 and 40%, respectively
with a prevalence of C18:1 n9. The C18:2 n6 content in brain mitochondria was significantly lower as compared to liver and
heart mitochondria. Whereas the C20:4 n6 content in mitochondria from all tissues examined and brain microsomes was approximately
6%, liver and heart microsomes exhibited lower values. C22:6 n3 was absent in liver mitochondria, very low content in liver
microsomes and heart organelles (between 0.5 and 1%) and high content in brain organelles, with mitochondria having the highest
value (11%). Whereas liver and heart organelles were not affected when subjected to lipid peroxidation, brain mitochondria
were highly affected, as indicated by the increase in chemiluminescence and a considerable decrease of C20:4 n6 and C22:6
n3. These results indicate that a low degree of fatty acid unsaturation in liver and heart organelles of quail, a short-lived
bird, may confer advantage by decreasing their sensitivity to lipid peroxidation process. 相似文献
67.
We study the problem of the emergence of cooperation in the spatial Prisoner's Dilemma. The pioneering work by Nowak and May [1992. Evolutionary games and spatial chaos. Nature 415, 424-426] showed that large initial populations of cooperators can survive and sustain cooperation in a square lattice with imitate-the-best evolutionary dynamics. We revisit this problem in a cost-benefit formulation suitable for a number of biological applications. We show that if a fixed-amount reward is established for cooperators to share, a single cooperator can invade a population of defectors and form structures that are resilient to re-invasion even if the reward mechanism is turned off. We discuss analytically the case of the invasion by a single cooperator and present agent-based simulations for small initial fractions of cooperators. Large cooperation levels, in the sustainability range, are found. In the conclusions we discuss possible applications of this model as well as its connections with other mechanisms proposed to promote the emergence of cooperation. 相似文献
68.
Alejandro R. Giraudo Silvia D. Matteucci Julián Alonso Justo Herrera Raúl R. Abramson 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2008,17(5):1251-1265
The Atlantic Forest (AF) is one of the five most threatened and megadiverse world hotspots. It is arguably the most devastated
and highly threatened ecosystem on the planet. The vast scope of habitat loss and extreme fragmentation in the AF hotspots
has left intact very few extensive and continuous forested fragments. We compared bird assemblages between small (<100 ha)
and large (>6,000 ha) forest remnants, in one of the largest AF remnants in Argentina. We performed 84 point-counts of birds
in four large fragments (LF) and 67 points in 25 small fragments (SF). We recorded 4,527 bird individuals belonging to 173
species; 2,632 belonging to 153 species in LF and 1,897 in 124 species in SF. Small fragments suffered a significant loss
of bird richness, mainly forest dependent species, but the birds abundance did not decrease, due to an increase in abundance
of forest independent and semi-dependent bird species (edge and non forest species) that benefit from forest fragmentation.
The bird guilds of frugivores, undestory, terrestrial and midstory insectivores, nectarivores and raptors, and the endemic
species of AF were area sensitive, decreasing significantly in richness and abundance in the SF. Terrestrial granivores were
the only guild positively affected by forest fragmentation, containing mainly edge species, which forage in open areas or
borders including crops. Our first observations on fragmentation effects on bird assemblages in the southernmost Argentinean
Atlantic Forests did not validate the hypothesis on pre-adaptation to human disturbances in the bird communities of AF. On
the contrary, we observed that forest dependent, endemic and several sensitive bird guilds were strongly affected by fragmentation,
putting in evidence the vulnerability to the fragmentation process and the necessity to conserve large remnants to avoid reduction
of the high biodiversity of AF birds. 相似文献
69.
González C Marciniak J Villaverde S García-Encina PA Muñoz R 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2008,80(5):891-898
The potential and limitations of photosynthetic oxygenation on carbon and nitrogen removal from swine slurry were investigated in batch experiments using Chlorella sorokiniana and an acclimated activated sludge as model microorganisms. While algal-bacterial systems exhibited similar performance than aerated activated sludge in tests supplied with four and eight times diluted slurry, a severe inhibition of the biodegradation process was recorded in undiluted and two times diluted wastewater. Daily pH adjustment to 7 in enclosed algal-bacterial tests at several swine slurry dilutions allowed the treatment of up to two times diluted slurries (containing up to 1,180 mg N-NH(4) (+) l(-1)). The combination of high pH levels and high NH(4) (+) concentrations was thus identified as the main inhibitory factor governing the efficiency of photosynthetically oxygenated processes treating swine slurry. Measurements of soluble total organic carbon (TOC) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) present in the slurry suggested that VFA degradation (mainly acetic and propionic acid) accounted for most of the soluble TOC removal, especially during the initial stages of the biodegradation process. On the other hand, assimilation into biomass and nitrification to NO(2) (-) constituted the main NH(4) (+) removal processes in enclosed algal-bacterial systems. 相似文献
70.
Raşit Urhan 《Biologia》2008,63(3):395-401
Two new species of zerconid mites, Zercon uludagicus sp. n. and Z. huseyini sp. n., from Turkey are described and illustrated. The similarities and differences between the species are discussed. The
lists of the taxonomic diagnostic key to adults of Zercon species known from Turkey are also given. 相似文献