THE PUSH–PULL OF MARKETING AND ADVERTISING AND THE ALGEBRA OF THE CONSUMER'S MIND*

This article suggests that the relationship between a brand and a product is a virtuous circle—the brand frames expectations for a product execution; and the product experience either strengthens the brand perceptions or weakens them. Empirical evidence, based on a comprehensive database of scores collected across multiple conjoint studies, then confirms the hypothesis that different product attributes synergize, or interact, with different brand names.     

Muscle-like Arrays in a Fibroblast Line

SEVERAL investigators have speculated that the basis for all cellular contractile activity resides in a common molecular mechanism involving an interaction between actin and myosin^1–4. Thin filaments resembling the actin filaments of muscle have indeed been widely observed^3–5 and the recent demonstrations of heavy meromyosin binding to thin filaments^4–6 suggest that these ubiquitous filaments are, in fact, actin. Although muscle-like thick filaments have not been observed in non-muscle cells, myosin thick filaments have been reconstituted from blood platelet preparations¹. To our knowledge, however, no one has presented evidence for the natural occurrence of ordered arrays of thick and thin filaments in non-muscle cells.     

Population size and trends of the Galápagos Penguin Spheniscus mendiculus

We applied a capture–mark–resight (CMR) method to estimate the population size of the Galápagos Penguin Spheniscus mendiculus . In 1999, we estimated 1198 individuals, with lower and upper 95% confidence limits of 1054 and 1403 individuals, respectively, and estimated that approximately 57% of the total population was counted in an annual census. Applying this estimate to the 2003 census, we estimated that the population size for the whole archipelago was 1351 individuals. We also applied the correction factor derived from the 1999 CMR data to other censuses carried out between 1970 and 2003 and estimated a maximum population of about 4000 individuals in 1971 when the highest numbers of Penguins were counted. Although the Penguin population size has fluctuated in the last 33 years, the overall trend shows larger populations in 1970–80 followed by relatively smaller populations and a slow recovery rate in 1983–2003. The data set also shows two major population declines (in 1983 and 1998), which are coincident with El Niño episodes.     

You're so vein: bundle sheath physiology,phylogeny and evolution in C3 and C4 plants

Bundle sheath (BS) anatomy is found in most C4 lineages, associated with low inter‐veinal distances (IVD) and high BS:mesophyll ratio (BS:MC). The origins, function and selective advantages of the BS in C3 lineages are relevant for understanding the environmental, molecular and phylogenetic determinants of C4 evolution. Suggested functions for BS have included structural support, hydraulic isolation, storage for water, ions, and carbohydrates, and photorespiratory carbon metabolism; we propose a central role for cavitation repair, consistent with the BS as a control centre on regulating stem and leaf hydraulic continuity. An analysis of BS traits in the phylogenetic lineages giving rise to C4 grasses (the ‘PACMAD’ clade) shows an initial enhancement in BS:MC ratio in C3 lineages, although IVD is similar to the Pooideae sister group. Using a global database, a well‐developed BS in the C3 PACMAD lineages was associated with higher precipitation and temperatures in the habitat of origin on an annual basis, with the C3 to C4 progression defined by the aridity index (AI). Maintaining leaf hydraulic conductance and cavitation repair are consistent with increased evaporative demand and more seasonal precipitation as drivers, first for the C3 BS, and then C4 diversification, under declining CO₂ concentrations in the Palaeogene and Neogene.     

Breeding success and the question of clutch size of Northwestern Crows Corvus caurinus

The breeding biology of two island populations of the Northwestern Crow was studied in British Columbia over a period of five years. Both populations laid an average of four eggs per clutch, of which approximately 75% hatched. More young survived to fledge on Mandate than on Mitlenatch Island. The young from nests close (< 100 m) to the beach on Mitlenatch had a higher survival rate than those from further inland. The number of eggs lost or failing to hatch was lowest in clutches of four eggs. There was a non-significant trend for chick survival to be inversely related to clutch size. The net result was that clutches of five eggs produced no more young than did clutches of four eggs. It is suggested that the major limiting factor on clutch size is food availability but the decreased hatching success of any remaining eggs once hatching has started is also a contributing factor.     

Measurement of immunoreactive cytochrome P450 2E1 in human leucocytes

We describe initial results on a Western blotting method, using a ployclonal antibody and chemiluminescence detection, for the measurement of cytochrome P450 2E1 in human lymphocytes. The method has been used to study the levels of 2E1 in lymphocytes isolated from 5 ml blood samples collected from a small group of well-controlled type 1 diabetics and healthy individuals. The described method offers increased sensitivity compared with a previously published method and does not need in vitro culturing of the lymphocytes prior to 2E1 measurement. The apparent molecular weight of the lymphocyte P450 2E1 was 55 kDa. There was approximately a six-fold difference in expression levels of 2E1 detected by this immunochemical technique across the study population.     

Factors determining the pest status of the rose-grain aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), on winter barley in the United Kingdom

To test the hypothesis that early maturation of barley affords it some resistance to cereal aphids, the colonisation, survival, growth, reproduction and emigration of M. dirhodum on barley was measured and compared with previously published results for this aphid on wheat.
Barley plants were colonised as readily as wheat plants. Survival to maturity was similar on both hosts. Relative growth rate was higher on wheat than on barley for most of the season while reproduction was similar on both. Emigration, measured alate production, was significantly higher on mature wheat than on mature barley.
It is proposed that the increase of M. dirhodum populations on barley is normally terminated early in the year directly plant maturation and consequent drying out of the leaves, resulting in the death of aphids. This is different to the situation on wheat, which matures later, and where emigration following plant induced alate induction has been shown to be the major factor affecting the decline in population growth.
These results support the hypothesis that early maturation of barley provides some resistance to M. dirhodum.     

The mosquito Anopheles (Cellia) oreios sp. n., formerly species 6 of the Australasian Anopheles farauti complex,and a critical review of its biology and relation to disease

Species 6 of the Australasian Anopheles farauti sibling species complex (Diptera: Culicidae) is described and formally named Anopheles oreios Bangs & Harbach, sp. n. Adult, pupal and fourth‐instar larval specimens collected in the Baliem Valley, Papua Province, Indonesia, are characterized and compared with those of Anopheles farauti, Anopheles hinesorum, Anopheles irenicus and Anopheles torresiensis (formerly informally denoted as species 1, 2, 7 and 3, respectively). The variable wings of adult females, the male genitalia, the pupa and the fourth‐instar larva of An. oreios are illustrated and DNA sequence data are included for regions coding for sections of the mitochondrial COI and COII genes. The biology of An. oreios and its relation to malaria transmission are discussed in detail and contrasted with the biology and disease relations of some members of the An. farauti and Anopheles punctulatus sibling species complexes.     

The relationship between major lamellae and epithelial regressions in some articulate brachiopods

Brunton, C. Howard C. & Alvarez, Fernando 1989 07 15: The relationship between major lamellae and epithelial regressions in some articulate brachiopods. Lethaia , Vol. 22, pp. 247–250. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164.
Hiller (1988, Lethaia , Vol. 212) proposed three relationships between the secretory epithelium of articulate brachiopods and the shell surface ornamentations of growth lines, lamellae and spines. None of his models satisfy the growth of strongly lamellose athyrid shells and we propose a fourth involving strong regressions effecting both primary and secondary shell layers. In Recent Tegulorhynchia we suggest a growth function for the 'frayed' shell of Hiller occurring immediately in front of the spines.