STROPHOMENIDE BRACHIOPODS FROM THE CHANGWU FORMATION (LATE KATIAN, LATE ORDOVICIAN) OF CHUN'AN, WESTERN ZHEJIANG, SOUTH-EAST CHINA

Abstract:  Late Ordovician strophomenide brachiopods (superfamilies Strophomenoidea and Plectambonitoidea) from the upper Changwu Formation (mid Ashgill, late Katian) of Jianglütang, Chun'an County, western Zhejiang Province, consist of ten genera and 12 species. Five new species of three new genera are recognized: Chunanomena triporcata , Chunanomena sembellina , Cheramomena subsolana , Lateriseptomena modesta , and Lateriseptomena rugosa . The strophomenide brachiopods from the upper Katian strata described in this study and those from the border region of Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces reported in previous work contain 16 strophomenoid and 12 plectambonitoid genera, and most of the strophomenoids are endemic to South China. Numerical analysis of well-documented late Katian strophomenide brachiopod faunas indicates a strong provincialism, characterized by the highly distinct North American province (Laurentia), the South China-Kazakhstan province, and the Avalonia-Baltica province (Wales, Belgium and Sweden). Surprisingly, the Girvan district of Scotland, which was a peri-Laurentian terrane during the Ordovician, contains a late Katian brachiopod fauna that is more closely related to the contemporaneous brachiopods of Avalonia-Baltica than to those of North America.     

SILICIFIED RHYNCHONELLIFORM BRACHIOPODS FROM THE KUNIUTAN FORMATION (DARRIWILIAN: MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN), GUIYANG, SOUTH CHINA

Abstract: A silicified brachiopod fauna from the Middle Ordovician Kuniutan Formation (lower–middle Darriwilian, i.e. uppermost Arenig to lower Llanvirn) at Wudang, Guiyang, central Guizhou, South China, includes abundant specimens of Yangtzeella, Orthambonites and Leptellina together with common Parisorthis, Saucrorthis, rare Anomalorthis?, Hemipronites?, Leptestia? and, significantly, Aporthophyla; associated are rare trilobites, gastropods, crinoids and nautiloids. The Yangtzeella kueiyangensis‐Orthambonites delicata Association is defined for this shallow‐water, Benthic Assemblage 3, association. This first record of Aporthophyla in South China may indicate a link between South China and the Toquima‐Table Head Province, where the Aporthophyla fauna is more typically developed. However, this association is significantly different from the latter in having three endemic genera, Yangtzeella, Saucrorthis and Parisorthis, rare numbers of Aporthophyla and Anomalorthis?, and the absence of many other typical elements of the Aporthophyla fauna. The occurrence of Orthambonites, Hemipronites? and Leptestia? suggests some relationships between South China and the Baltic Platform during the Mid Ordovician. The various brachiopod associations bearing Aporthophyla may be quite different in nature, composition and diversity, and may possess different background palaeobiogeographical signatures. The assemblages containing Aporthophyla in South China, Qaidam, Malaysia, Australia and possibly Tibet are clearly different biogeographically from those associated with the Toquima‐Table Head and the Celtic provinces. Two new species, Aporthophyla sinensis sp. nov. and Leptellina orientalis sp. nov. are described.     

(革)家人的体质特征

本文分析了在贵州黄平县调查的311例(男性为159例,女性为152例)(革)家人的体质数据,与我国族群资料进行了比较,结果表明:1)(革)家人上眼睑有皱褶率较高,有蒙古褶率低,眼裂狭窄率与中等型率较高,且多呈眼外角高,鼻根高度中等,直鼻背,男性颧骨体不突出,女性颧骨体较突出,鼻基部多上翘,鼻翼高度中等,鼻孔最大径男性多为倾斜,女性水平率最高,鼻翼宽男性中等型率和宽阔型率较高,女性多为中等型,耳垂圆形率最高,上唇皮肤部高度男性以中等型率最高,女性以低型率最高,红唇厚度中唇率最高;发黑,眼褐、肤黄.2)(革)家人男性头长、形态面高值小;头宽、面宽、鼻高、唇高、眼内角间宽值接近于南亚类型族群,口裂宽值接近于北亚类型族群,额最小宽、鼻宽值介于北亚、南亚类型族群之间,女性形态面高、鼻高值小,头长、头宽、额最小宽、面宽、鼻宽、唇高值接近于南亚类型族群,口裂宽、眼内角间宽值接近于北亚类型族群.3)(革)家人男性与女性身高均属于矮身材.(革)家人男性为圆头型、高头型、狭头型、阔面型、中鼻型,女性为中头型、高头型、中头型、中面型、中鼻型.(革)家人男女性均为中躯干型、宽肩型、宽骨盆型.男性还为中胸型、亚长腿型,女性还为宽胸型、中腿型.4)(革)家人属于蒙古人种南亚类型族群,与周围苗族体质特征存在较大差异.     

Characterization and the broad cross‐species applicability of 20 anonymous nuclear loci isolated from the Taiwan Hwamei (Garrulax taewanus)

We isolated 20 anonymous nuclear loci (8556 bp in total) from the Taiwan Hwamei (Garrulax taewanus), an endemic songbird of Taiwan. A panel of nine to 15 individuals with unknown relationship was used to characterize polymorphism of these loci. We identified 46 single nucleotide polymorphic sites (SNPs) in 15 polymorphic loci. Frequency of SNPs was one per every 186 bp in average. Nucleotide diversity, θ, ranged from 0.00054 to 0.00371 per locus. We also tested cross‐species applicability of these loci on 17 species from eight different passerine families. All 20 loci could be successfully amplified (ranged from one to 16 species, mean = 7.9 species).     

Effects of Strong Light and Active Oxygen on Photosynthesis in Soybean

With the use of chlorophyll fluorescence technique, it was found that the net photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate decreased after strong light (2 000 μmol· m-2·2-1 ) treatment for two hours in soybean ( Glycine max L. ) leaves. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, Fm/Fo, Fv/Fm, ФPSII, qp and qN decreased along with the increase of light intensity. In strong light, exogenous active oxygen H202、·OH and 'O2 were harmful to soybean leaves. The destruction of 'O2 and·OH to leaves was most evident, as was shown that Fv/Fm and PS H decreased significantly. The antioxidants DABCO, mannitol, ascorbate and histidine protected the leaves, but weakly, from strong light. In darkness, the SOD inhibitor sodium diethyldithiocar- bamate (DDC) had no significant effect on Fm/Fo and Fv/Fm, but NAN,, the ascorbate peroxidase (APX)inhibitor, significantly decreased Fm/Fo, Fv/Fm and ФPS II. In strong light, however, beth DDC and NaN3 reduced the above-mentioned fluorescence parameters, but NaN3 was more effective than DDC. The results suggested that photoinhibition did take place in soybean leaves under strong light, and it was related to active oxygen in vivo.     

Gene mapping related to yellow green leaf in a mutant line in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A mutant, which derived from the restorer line Jinhui10 treated with EMS, showed completely yellow green leaves, and it had low chlorophyll content and poor agronomic characteristics during the growing stage. The F1 plants from the cross between normal × the mutant showed normal green leaves, and the segregation ratio of normal to yellow green leaves was 3 : 1 in F₂ population. It indicated that the trait was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene, temporarily designated asygl3. The geneygl3 was mapped between RM468 and RM3684 with genetic distances 8.4 cM and 1.8 cM on chromosome 3. This result would be used as genetic information for fine mapping and map-based cloning ofygl3 gene.     

祁连山国家公园青海片区雪豹栖息地适宜性评价

雪豹是全球生物多样性保护的旗舰物种,精准评估雪豹栖息地质量可为其种群保护提供科学参考。本文选取地形、气候、植被类型和人为干扰等环境因子,采用景观连接度和MaxEnt模型两种方法,对祁连山国家公园青海片区雪豹栖息地质量进行评价。结果表明：高适宜栖息地主要分布在研究区的西部和中部,适宜面积占青海片区总面积的71.8%～77.5%,两种方法预测的适宜栖息地重叠区为8 979.1 km2,占青海片区总面积的56.7%;39.8%～43.3%的适宜栖息地分布在一般控制区,56.7%～60.2%的适宜栖息地分布在核心保护区;疏勒河源区适宜栖息地面积最多,石羊河源区适宜栖息地面积最少,黑河源区适宜栖息地面积占比最高,约为77.1%～91.8%。适宜栖息地面积整体呈现自东向西递增的趋势。一般控制区分布有较大面积的雪豹栖息地,人类活动将是一般控制区雪豹栖息地的潜在威胁。本研究对优化雪豹就地保护措施提供科学借鉴与参考。     

Drastic post‐LGM expansion and lack of historical genetic structure of a subtropical fig‐pollinating wasp (Ceratosolen sp. 1) of Ficus septica in Taiwan

The climatic oscillations of the last glacial period have had profound influences on the demography and levels of genetic diversity of extant species. Molecular evidence of glacial effects on temperate species has been well documented, whereas little is known regarding that on subtropical species. Here we present analyses based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene (1052 bp) and genotypes at 15 microsatellite loci to investigate the historical demography, population structure and ongoing gene flow of an undescribed fig‐pollinating wasp (Ceratosolen sp. 1) of Ficus septica in subtropical Taiwan. Reconstructed historical demography based on the coalescent tree of COI sequences suggests that C. sp. 1 has undergone a drastic population expansion which was tightly coupled with climatic changes since the last glacial maximum (LGM). The magnitude of the population size change was approximately 500‐fold, indicating that the population of this wasp and its host was likely highly compressed during the last glacial period. The lack of significant population differentiation (F_ST < 0.02, for all pairwise F_ST values) may be due to rapid postglacial expansion facilitated by long‐distance dispersal, although a low frequency of first‐generation migrants was detected. Our results clearly demonstrate how recent climatic changes since the LGM and dispersal ability have jointly shaped the genetic composition of a subtropical fig‐pollinating wasp.