中药学专业微生物学教学课程设计探索

对中药学专业微生物学课程教学内容及模式进行优化改革，以期提升课程的教学质量，进一步激发学生的学习兴趣，夯实基础知识和专业技能。首先分析了目前中药学专业开设的微生物学课程中出现的实际问题，其次在总课时不变的前提下，基于中药材及其相关微生物，并结合地方及中医药特色，进行教学内容的调整、教学手段的改革和考核方式的完善等，使该门课程更符合专业发展需求。在理论教学中调整课时比例，突出微生物学基础知识及微生物在药学中的应用两部分内容。在实践教学中进行分层教学，加深学生对课程知识的理解，同时突出目标导向，培养学生综合实践能力。在教学手段方面，采用模块化与其他教学模式相结合的方式，帮助学生构建微生物学相关知识体系，理解并掌握所学知识。此外，增加平时学习情况及实践方面的考核比例，促使学生重视课程学习及实践能力培养。课程优化后，学生的学习难度有所下降，学习目标更加明确，所学的微生物学知识与中药学专业联系更为密切，更加符合人才培养目标。     

Foliage‐age mixing within balsam fir increases the fitness of a generalist caterpillar

1. Manipulative field studies were carried out to evaluate the foliage age preference–performance relationship for an extreme generalist herbivore, the whitemarked tussock moth (Orygia leucostigma Smith) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), within balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill]. 2. Field surveys indicated that early instar caterpillars fed almost exclusively on young (i.e. current‐year) foliage, whereas late instars caterpillars fed on both young and mature (i.e. 1‐ and 2‐year‐old) foliage. 3. Survival of early instar caterpillars was highest in treatments where current‐year and/or 1‐year old foliage were available, but decreased significantly on older foliage. In contrast, late instar caterpillars had the highest survival when allowed to feed on all age classes of foliage, whereas potential fecundity was highest for late instars that fed on young foliage. 4. Overall, caterpillars had 32–65% higher fitness when able to feed on all rather than just one age class of foliage. 5. These results support both the ‘complementary diet' hypothesis, which states that dietary mixing of different‐aged foliage can increase nutrient uptake and/or dilute harmful secondary plant chemicals, and the ‘ontogeny’ hypothesis, which attributes changes in diet to changes in the nutritional needs and/or tolerance to plant defences of juvenile insects as they develop.     

横断山区蚜虫区系的组成和特点

研究了横断山区蚜虫区系的组成和特点.横断山区共有蚜虫11科69属125种,以东洋区、特有种类占优势.蚜虫区系古北成分和东洋成分充分交融,特有种类丰富,区系组成复杂多样.对该区蚜虫的分布进行了初步分析,特有种分布不均衡,水平主要分布在滇西北的丽江和玉龙雪山地区,垂直分布在海拔3 000～3 200 m,是特有种丰富度最高的地带.此外,对跨古北和东洋区分布种类的东亚起源进行了初步探讨.     

蛋白激酶C活性变化对Adipophilin介导THP-1巨噬细胞脂质蓄积的影响

以THP-1巨噬细胞为研究对象,观察蛋白激酶C(PKC)激动剂佛波酯(PMA)和抑制剂钙磷酸结合蛋白C(CalphostinC)对胞膜PKC活性、胞膜PKCα及胞浆内过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARγ)和adipophilin表达以及细胞内脂质蓄积的影响,初步探讨PKC调控adipophilin表达及脂质蓄积的作用机制.采用PepTagRAssay、RT-PCR、蛋白质印迹、油红O染色和高效液相色谱法,观察到100nmol/LPMA在激活胞膜PKC((0.2514±0.0154)U/ml)的同时可以与氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxLDL)协同增强PKCα、PPARγ和adipophilin表达并使细胞内脂滴的蓄积极大地增强.细胞内胆固醇酯/总胆固醇比值增至(69.8±9.5)%;300nmol/L CalphostinC对荷脂THP-1巨噬细胞的处理则抑制酶活性至((0.0927±0.0056)U/ml,细胞内脂滴减少,胆固醇酯/总胆固醇比值降至(40.1±9.1)%;CalphostinC呈剂量依赖性的方式下调酶活性、PKCα、PPARγ和adipophilin表达,400nmol/LCalphostinC基本上可以逆转50mg/LoxLDL诱导的酶活化和PKCα、PPARγ和adipophilin表达的上调.结果提示,蛋白激酶C活性的改变可以影响adipophilin介导的脂质蓄积,其中PPARγ可能在这一调控机制中发挥了重要作用.     

还原酶缺陷型大肠杆菌对重组蛋白溶解性的影响

探讨大肠杆菌细胞质氧化还原环境对重组蛋白溶解性的影响。选择含有1对二硫键的牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（BbFGF）作为简单蛋白的模式分子,选择含有2对二硫键的人抗HBsAg单链抗体（HBscFv）作为复杂蛋白的模式分子,分别构建表达质粒并转化普通宿主菌和还原酶缺陷型宿主菌E. coli Origami(DE3),比较表达产物的溶解性和纯化产物的活性。结果发现,BbFGF在普通宿主菌中大部分形成包涵体,在Origami(DE3)中为可溶性表达,但表达量降低。两种工程菌的表达产物经离子交换和肝素亲和层析两步纯化后,MTT法测定活性,发现来自还原酶缺陷型宿主菌的BbFGF活性高于普通宿主菌表达产物,二者的ED₅₀分别是1.6 ng/mL和2.2 ng/mL;HBscFv在两种宿主菌中均形成包涵体,包涵体以6 mol/L盐酸胍缓冲液溶解后,镍离子螯合亲和层析纯化并透析复性,间接ELISA测定抗原结合活性,发现二者活性无明显差异,但在Origami(DE3)菌体破碎后的的上清中可检测到HBscFv活性,纯化后产量为1～2 mg/L,而在普通宿主菌破碎后的上清中检测不到HBscFv活性。上述结果说明,改变宿主菌细胞质氧化还原环境对于含有1～2对二硫键的重组蛋白的可溶性表达具有明显促进作用。     

THE PEST STATUS OF BEMISIA TABACI IN CHINA AND NON‐CHEMICAL CONTROL STRATEGIES*

Abstract Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) has been considered as a serious pest in all of tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. B. tabaci first recorded as early as in 1940s in China and has been reported as a pest of various crops in 22 provinces or cities. But only recently it has become a severe problem for vegetable and ornamental crops in Guangdong and Beijing. In China B. tabaci is known to transmit at least 5 plant viruses, including tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), tomato leaf curl virus (TomLCV), squash leaf curl virus (SqLCV‐C). So far, approximately 18 parasitoids, 17 predators and 1 pathogenic fungus were recorded in China. This paper presents an overview of B. tabaci as a pest and virus vector in China, with special attention given to non‐chemical control strategies.     

Initial hydrodynamic study on a new intraaortic axial flow pump: Dynamic aortic valve

Rotary blood pumps have been researched as implantable ventricular assist devices for years. To further reduce the complex of implanted axial pumps, the authors proposed a new concept of intraaortic axial pump, termed previously as “dynamic aortic valve (DAV)”. Instead of being driven by an intraaortic micro-electric motor, it was powered by a magnetic field from outside of body. To ensure the perfusion of coronary artery, the axial flow pump is to be implanted in the position of aortic valve. It could serve as either a blood pump or a mechanical valve depending on the power input. This research tested the feasibility of the new concept in model study. A column, made from permanent magnet, is jointed to an impeller in a concentric way to form a “rotor-impeller”. Supported by a hanging shaft cantilevered in the center of a rigid cage, the rotor-impeller can be turned by the magnetic field in the surrounding space. In the present prototype, the rotor is 8 mm in diameter and 15 mm in length, the impeller has 3 vanes with an outer diameter of 18 mm. The supporting cage is 22 mm in outer diameter and 20 mm in length. When tested, the DAV prototype is inserted into the tube of a mock circuit. The alternative magnetic field is produced by a rotating magnet placed side by side with the rotor-impeller at a distance of 30 mm. Once the alternative magnetic field is presented in the surrounding space, the DAV starts to turn, leading to a pressure difference and liquid flow in the tube. The flow rate or pressure difference is proportioned to rotary speed. At the maximal output of hydraulic power, the flow rate reached 5 L/min against an afterload of 100 mmHg. The maximal pressure difference generated by DAV at a rotation rate of 12600 r/min was 147 mmHg. The preliminary results demonstrated the feasibility of “DAV”, further research on this concept is justifiable.     

The effect of decreasing alkalinity on microbial community dynamics in a sulfate-reducing bioreactor as analyzed by PCR-SSCP

PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and Southern blotting techniques were adopted to investigate microbial community dynamics in a sulfate-reducing bioreactor caused by decreasing influent alkalinity. Experimental results indicated that the sulfate-removal rate approached 87% in 25 d under the conditions of influent alkalinity of 4000 mg/L (as CaCO₃) and sulfate-loading rate of 4.8 g/(L·d), which indicated that the bioreactor started up successfully. The analysis of microbial community structure in this stage showed that Lactococcus sp., Anaerofilum sp. and Kluyvera sp. were dominant populations. It was found that when influent alkalinity reduced to 1000 mg/L, sulfate-removal rate decreased rapidly to 35% in 3 d. Then influent alkalinity was increased to 3000 mg/L, the sulfate-removal rate rose to 55%. Under these conditions, the populations of Dysgonomonas sp., Sporobacte sp., Obesumbacterium sp. and Clostridium sp. got to rich, which predominated in the community together with Lactococcus sp., Anaerofilum sp. and Kluyvera sp. However, when the alkalinity was decreased to 1500 mg/L, the sulfate-removal rate rose to and kept stable at 70% and populations of Dysgonomonas sp., Sporobacter sp. and Obesumbacterium sp. died out, while some strains of Desulfovibrio sp. and Clostridium sp. increased in concentration. In order to determine the minimum alkalinity value that the system could tolerate, the influent alkalinity was decreased from 1500 to 400 mg/L secondly. This resulted in the sulfate-removal rate, pH value and effluent alkalinity dropping quickly. The amount of Petrotoga sp., Prevotella sp., Kluyvera sp. and Neisseria sp. reduced obviously. The result data from Southern blotting indicated that the amount of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs) decreased with influent alkalinity dropping. Analysis of the microbial community structure and diversity showed that the SRBs populations were very abundant in the inoculated activated sludge and the alkalinity decrease caused the reduction of the populations noted. Most of resident populations in the bioreactor were fermentative acidogenic bacteria (FABs), among which the phylum Firmicute was in the majority, but SRBs were very few. This community structure demonstrates the cooperation between SRBs and FABs, which sustains the system’s high sulfate-removal and operation stability.     

东方杯叶吸虫囊蚴的体外培养和发育的研究

本文用含小鸡血清的培养基将东方杯叶吸虫脱囊后尾蚴体外培养至怀卵成虫,但虫卵不正常。添加小鸡小肠粘膜浸出液能明显提高怀卵率和产卵量,但不影响怀卵量,41℃比37℃培养结果更好;后尾蚴的发育经历了精巢、阴茎囊、卵巢和卵黄腺的形成及怀卵和产卵的过程,体外培养中虫体发育延缓。     

基于谷歌地球引警和改进型遥感生态指数的西安市生态环境质量动态监测

近年来,在经济全球化的背景下,西安市经济迅速增长,生态环境问题日益突出,快速全面地定量监测生态环境质量的时空变化,对指导生态环境保护具有重要意义。基于谷歌地球引警(GEE)平台,筛选2000、2004、2010、2015、2020年及其前后各一年的四季Landsat影像,利用主成分分析基于绿度(NDVI)、热度(LST)、干度(NDSI)、湿度(Wet)和气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)构建改进型遥感生态指数(ARSEI),实现西安市2000—2020年生态环境质量的动态监测,并运用莫兰指数(Moran′s I)探讨西安市生态环境质量的空间自相关。以主成分效果最好的夏季为例,结果表明：(1)构建的ARSEI将大气污染因素考虑在内,第1主成分(PC1)贡献度在83%以上,能较好地集中各指标特征,有助于更加全面地评价研究区生态环境质量;(2)西安市2000—2020年平均ARSEI分别为0.565、0.521、0.572、0.644、0.695,生态环境质量总体呈现先退化后转好的趋势。20年来,生态环境质量较差和极差等级的面积减少了1339.08 km²,主要分布在秦岭以北地...