Environmental controls over carbon exchange of three forest ecosystems in eastern China

Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was continuously measured using the eddy covariance (EC) technique from 2003 to 2005 at three forest sites of ChinaFLUX. The forests include Changbaishan temperate mixed forest (CBS), Qianyanzhou subtropical coniferous plantation (QYZ), and Dinghushan subtropical evergreen broad‐leaved forest (DHS). They span wide ranges of temperature and precipitation and are influenced by the eastern Asian monsoon climate to varying extent. In this study, we estimated ecosystem respiration (RE) and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP). Comparison of ecosystem carbon exchange among the three forests shows that RE was mainly determined by temperature, with the forest at CBS exhibiting the highest temperature sensitivity among the three ecosystems. The RE was highly dependent on GEP across the three forests, and the ratio of RE to GEP decreased along the North–South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) (i.e. from the CBS to the DHS), with an average of 0.77 ± 0.06. Daily GEP was mainly influenced by temperature at CBS, whereas photosynthetic photon flux density was the dominant factor affecting the daily GEP at both QYZ and DHS. Temperature mainly determined the pattern of the interannual variations of ecosystem carbon exchange at CBS. However, water availability primarily controlled the interannual variations of ecosystem carbon exchange at QYZ. At DHS, NEP attained the highest values at the beginning of the dry seasons (autumn) rather than the rainy seasons (summer), probably because insufficient radiation and frequent fog during the rainy seasons hindered canopy photosynthesis. All the three forest ecosystems acted as a carbon sink from 2003 to 2005. The annual average values of NEP at CBS, QYZ, and DHS were 259 ± 19, 354 ± 34, and 434 ± 66 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. The slope of NEP that decreased with increasing latitude along the NSTEC was markedly different from that observed on the forest transect in the European continent. Long‐term flux measurements over more forest ecosystems along the NSTEC will further help verify such a difference between the European forest transect and the NSTEC and provide insights into the responses of ecosystem carbon exchange to climate change in China.     

Can ant‐eating Zodarion spiders (Araneae: Zodariidae) develop on a diet optimal for euryphagous arthropod predators?

Abstract Little attention is paid to the behavioural and physiological adaptations of ant‐eating predators. It is expected that there should be a strong selection for traits related to prey handling, leading to the evolution of morphological, behavioural and nutritional adaptations. Such adaptations may then entail trade‐offs in handling and utilization of alternative prey. To investigate behavioural as well as nutritional adaptations and the occurrence of the corresponding trade‐offs in two ant‐eating spiders of the genus Zodarion [Zodarion atlanticum Pekár & Cardoso and Zodarion germanicum (C. L. Koch)], spiders are reared on two diets: ants (i.e. their preferred prey) and fruit flies (i.e. an alternative prey that is nutritionally optimal for euryphagous spiders). Food consumption is observed and several fitness‐related life‐history parameters are measured. Although spiders readily accept ants, more than one‐third of 35 spiders refuse to consume fruit flies and starve. Furthermore, severe hunger does not induce these individuals to accept fruit flies. Starving spiders die before moulting to the second stadium. Spiders that eat fruit flies increase only little and slowly in weight, and all of these die during the first two stadia. By contrast, spiders on an ant diet increase dramatically in weight, and develop up to the fourth stadium. These data indicate that fruit flies are not suitable for Zodarion, supporting the hypothesis that there are behavioural and nutritional trade‐offs. Taking into account the results of previous studies, it is suggested that nutritional trade‐offs are generally important for stenophagous spiders.     

血栓通配合康复训练对缺血性脑卒中恢复期患者肢体康复的疗效

目的:探究血栓通配合康复训练对缺血性脑卒中(cerebral arterial thrombosis,CAT)恢复期患者肢体康复的疗效情况。方法:选取2011年3月-2013年3月我院收治的84例CAT患者按数字表法随机分为观察组和对照组,各42例。对照组单纯采用康复训练治疗,观察组在对照组康复训练的基础上服用血栓通配合治疗,分别观察治疗前、治疗后1个月、3个月、6个月的各项基本指标并对比研究。结果:两组患者治疗前和治疗1月后Barthel评分无明显差异(P0.05);观察组治疗后3、6个月Barthel评分显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组患者治疗前和治疗1月后肢体Fugl-Meyer评分无明显差异(P0.05);观察组治疗后3、6个月肢体Fugl-Meyer评分显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且对照组出院时上肢依然未完全恢复。通过对对照组和观察组患者的生活质量评分比较,观察组生活质量的各项评分均明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:对缺血性脑卒中恢复期患者采用血栓通药物配合适当的康复训练疗效较好,术后肢体恢复理想,值得作为治疗CAT的首选方法在临床上推广应用。     

滞育七星瓢虫的代谢适应与抗寒性评价

滞育是部分昆虫固有的适应逆境胁迫的遗传属性,七星瓢虫具有显著的滞育现象。本文以七星瓢虫雌成虫为试材,研究正常发育、滞育及滞育解除后3组处理试虫糖、脂、蛋白等关键代谢物质含量波动规律,总结滞育期间的代谢适应特点,解析其与过冷却能力的相关性,探索滞育对七星瓢虫逆境胁迫耐受力的促升效应,丰富七星瓢虫的滞育基础理论研究。利用物质干湿重差数法测定七星瓢虫的含水量;利用氯仿-甲醇(体积比为2∶1)法抽提除去自由水个体的脂肪;总糖、海藻糖、甘油、山梨醇及总蛋白的测定采用标准曲线法,利用SUN-II型智能昆虫过冷却点测定仪测定七星瓢虫的过冷却点(supercooling point,SCP)。结果表明,七星瓢虫滞育组含水量(58.11%±6.55%)显著低于正常发育组(68.49%±2.26%)和滞育解除组(65.84%±4.02%)(F=8.15,P0.01),滞育解除后含水量恢复至正常发育组水平;滞育组总糖(10.60±0.54μg/mg)、糖原(8.72±0.62μg/mg)、脂肪(173.66±19.01μg/mg)含量远远高于正常发育组和滞育解除组(F=46.57,P=0.0006;F=114.25,P0.0001;F=8.48,P0.01);滞育组总蛋白含量(49.20±3.80μg/mg)显著低于正常发育组(71.02±6.15μg/mg)和滞育解除组(69.45±4.66μg/mg)(F=46.57,P=0.0006);滞育组中海藻糖(1.31±0.27μg/mg)、甘油(1.74±0.50μg/mg)、山梨醇(9.84±3.02μg/mg)含量与正常发育组、滞育解除组无显著性差异(F=0.79,P=0.4946;F=1.33,P=0.3004;F=1.69,P=0.2387)。七星瓢虫在滞育条件下其过冷却点(-16.53℃±1.44℃)显著低于正常发育组(-14.07℃±1.33℃)和滞育解除组(-15.29℃±2.10℃)(F=13.47,P0.0001),经过滞育低温驯化后滞育解除组过冷却点较对照组有所降低。滞育诱发七星瓢虫发生显著的代谢适应,蛋白含量显著降低,抑制新陈代谢进程;糖脂含量显著升高,保障滞育维持及解除后发育的能量需求;七星瓢虫滞育属糖原积累型;滞育个体过冷却点大幅下降,耐寒性显著提升。     

前列腺素F2α受体(PTGFR)基因在白色杜洛克×二花脸资源群体中的遗传变异及其与母猪母性行为的关联性

母猪分娩期间的母性行为对新生仔猪的成活致关重要,失败的母性行为如杀婴行为和压仔行为等经常在一些母猪中发生,给养猪业造成巨大的经济损失,给仔猪福利带来严重影响。前列腺素F2α不但可促发母猪产前的做窝行为,而且通过其受体基因(PTGFR)编码的蛋白FP在母猪繁殖过程和母性行为中发挥重要作用。文章以白色杜洛克×二花脸资源群体为材料,对PTGFR基因进行了SNP搜寻并分析其与母猪产前做窝行为、产后杀婴行为和压仔行为的关联性。结果:在PTGFR基因的两个外显子中共搜寻到5个同义突变SNP。选择Exon1g.250AG、Exon1g.619GA和Exon2g.483TC3个SNP在F0、F1个体和289头F2母猪中进行了基因型判定。基于家系基础上的传递不平衡(TDT)分析结果显示,PTGFR基因的3个SNP及单倍型与母猪做窝行为、杀婴行为和压仔行为均未达到显著相关(P0.05)。所以PTGFR基因可能并不是影响母猪母性行为的主效候选基因。     

膜整合蛋白质的“鸟枪法”蛋白质组学分析策略

疾病状态下生物膜表面蛋白质分子标记的表达量和修饰状态会发生改变。但由于其低丰度和不易溶解等特性,制约了膜蛋白质组学的研究,同时也制约了相关药物靶标的设计。近年来,为克服这些困难,学者们提出了"鸟枪法"的膜蛋白质组学研究策略。基于此,本文论述了"鸟枪法"的蛋白质组学分析的基本过程及其后续的部分改进工作。随着新的策略不断被采用,更多膜蛋白质的拓扑学特征和功能的相关研究一定会走上新的台阶。     

海洋真菌产油脂中DHA含量的准确快速测定

选用DB-23毛细管色谱柱,设置合适的载气压力,采用气相色谱(GC)分析了海洋真菌中脂肪酸的组成,并对二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)进行了定量分析。测定结果表明:能有效分离37种脂肪酸,分析时间仅需20min,DHA的回收率为96.95%～100.22%,相对标准偏差为1.33%,海洋真菌中DHA的含量为365.78mg/g,相对标准偏差为2.54%。     

1ω-3不饱和脂肪酸对视网膜新生血管的实验研究

目的:研究ω-3不饱和脂肪酸对鼠视网膜新生血管的作用。方法:32只7日龄Wistar白鼠分为4组。每组各8只,分别与母鼠共同饲养,制备早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)视网膜新生血管动物模型,其中A组为ROP模型对照组,B、C、D组为ω-3PUFAs喂养组,分别按母鼠公斤体重给与ω-3PUFAs2.5mg/kg/d、7.5mg/kg/d及15mg/kg/d喂养。采用免疫组化观察小鼠中突破视网膜内界膜CD31的特异性表达,Western印迹法检测视网膜标本中RGS5的表达。结果:免疫组化观察视网膜CD31的特异性表达,A、B、C、D组突破视网膜内界膜的新生血管内皮细胞核数分别为(17.25±1.04)个、(15.75±1.83)个、(9.75±1.49)个、(8.5±1.69)个;免疫印迹法检测各实验组视网膜RGS5结果:A组与C组、A组与D组比较差异均有显著意义((P<0.001),其中A、B组相比较;C、D组相比较差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论:一定剂量的摄入量后对于新生鼠视网膜新生血管病变将起到一定的防治作用。     

湖南省13所综合性医院住院儿童结核病的调查分析

目的:调查分析湖南省综合性医院住院病例中儿童结核病的情况.方法:回顾性调查2006年1月至2008年3月间湖南省13所综合性医院住院病人中诊断为结核病的0-14岁儿童结核病例.结果:共调查到儿童结核病(不舍潜伏结核感染病例)195例,男□女为1.67:1,农村居住与城市居住结核病人数比为2.67:1;发病比率最高的前三位依次为肺结核、结核性脑膜炎(含结核性脑膜脑炎)、淋巴结核;患病年龄以学龄期儿童(6-14岁)最多,婴儿期最少;不同年龄段结核类型有所不同,学龄期儿童以肺结核为主,其他各年龄组则多为肺外结核(淋巴结核、结核性脑膜炎);有结核病接触史者78例,有卡介苗接种史123例.其中.明确记录卡痕者62例;无卡介苗接种史或不详的患儿中结脑比率(36.1%)显著高于有卡介苗接种史患儿(28.5%);住院病例结核诊断手段多种多样,使用最多的为PPD皮试及淋巴活检.结论:我省综合医院住院儿童结核病患者并不少见,但危重结核类型比重大,其中以学龄期儿童患病人数多,卡介苗接种质量有待提高,我省儿童结核防治之路仍然任重而道远.     

荧光定量PCR与LAMP检测IHHNV的特异性和灵敏性比较

传染性皮下及造血器官坏死病毒(IHHNV)是世界各地养殖对虾的重要病毒性病原之一,给对虾养殖业造成严重经济损失.研究建立了检测IHHNV的荧光定量PCR和环介导等温核酸扩增(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)两种技术,并对它们的特异性和灵敏性进行了比较.结果显示,所建立的荧光定量PCR检测IHHNV的方法最低检测限度为6个DNA拷贝/反应,在待扩增DNA浓度为6.038×104-6.038×109cps/mL,范围时,模板浓度与循环阈值Ct之间的相关性良好,决定系数r2为0.99521;对5份白斑综合症病毒基因组DNA和10份健康对虾基因组DNA样品进行荧光定量PCR检测,结果都为阴性;这说明荧光定量PCR检测IHHNV方法具有灵敏度高、特异性高和精确性高等优点.同样,所建立的LAMP检测IHHNV的方法在60min反应时间内也可榆测到最低为6个拷贝的DNA模板,反应产物加入荧光染料SYBR Green Ⅰ后反应液呈现明显的亮绿色,且特异的检测IHHNV DNA模板;这说明所建立的LAMP检测IHHNV的方法具有荧光定量PCR方法相当的灵敏度、特异性和精确性.考虑到LAMP检测方法操作更为简单、方便,而且不需要昂贵的仪器,LAMP检测IHHNV的方法更适合于对虾养殖现场检测的推广使用.