The carbonyl reactivity of 3-bromopyruvate and related compounds

The covalent hydration of β-halopyruvic acids and β-halopyruvamides has been investigated in the uv region by stopped-flow techniques. In aqueous solutions of β-bromopyruvate and related compounds, the geminal diol is the predominant form at all pH values. Kinetic investigations have also been carried out on these hydrations. General bases enhance the rate of approaching the equilibrium. Specific acid catalysis was not detected. In the water-catalyzed reaction of pyruvamides, the relationship between the equilibrium constants K and the rate constants of the forward reaction shows that the transition state is more productlike.     

Modification by simetryn sulphoxide of a specific thiol group in rat haemoglobin.

Native rat haemoglobins were found to bind simetryn sulphoxide to an extent 40-fold greater than human haemoglobin. This specific behaviour was studied by using only high-pressure ('performance') liquid chromatography for the preparative separation of globin chains and the isolation of peptides resulting from chemical and enzymic degradation. High recoveries (greater than 80%) of peptides throughout the procedures in combination with microsequence techniques, allow a definitive assignment of the residue undergoing modification. The haemoglobin beta-chain cystine-125 residue, with a stoichiometry of one per tetramer of rat haemoglobin, was found to be modified. Stereochemical implications of this finding are discussed. Simetryn sulphoxide would appear to be useful as a specific reagent for the mapping of exposed thiol residues in proteins.     

Ferredoxin-dependent methane formation from acetate in cell extracts of Methanosarcina barkeri (strain MS).

Cell extracts of Methanosarcina barkeri grown on acetate catalyzed the conversion of acetyl-CoA to CO2 and CH4 at a specific rate of 50 nmol min-1 mg-1. When ferredoxin was removed from the extracts by DEAE-Sephacel anion exchange chromatography, the extracts were inactive but full activity was restored upon addition of purified ferredoxin from M. barkeri or from Clostridium pasteurianum. The apparent Km for ferredoxin from M. barkeri was determined to be 2.5 M. A ferredoxin dependence was also found for the formation of CO2, H2 and methylcoenzyme M from acetyl-CoA, when methane formation was inhibited by bromoethanesulfonate. Reduction of methyl-coenzyme M with H2 did not require ferredoxin. These and other data indicate that ferredoxin is involved as electron carrier in methanogenesis from acetate. Methanogenesis from acetyl-CoA in cell extracts was not dependent on the membrane fraction, which contains the cytochromes.     

Purification and characterization of catalytic fragments of phosphorylase kinase gamma subunit missing a calmodulin-binding domain

A catalytic fragment preparation of rabbit muscle phosphorylase kinase produced by limited chymotryptic digestion was isolated and identified as the NH2-terminal region of the gamma subunit by Edman degradation. Mass spectral analysis, gas phase sequence analysis, and amino acid analysis of the active fragment carboxyl-terminal peptides revealed multiple COOH termini generated at residues Tyr290, Arg296, and Phe298 in the gamma subunit sequence. These active fragment species are about 24% smaller than the gamma subunit (Mr 44,673) and range in size from Mr 33,279 to Mr 34,275. The active fragment preparation exhibits a specific activity about 6-fold higher than that of the gamma subunit-calmodulin complex. Calmodulin confers calcium sensitivity to the gamma subunit but has no effect on the enzymatic properties of active fragment. Affinity measurements demonstrated a dissociation constant of 0.7 microM for active fragment binding to dansylcalmodulin, a value about 28-fold weaker than reported for the gamma subunit. These data support the presence of a calmodulin binding domain in the COOH-terminal region of the gamma subunit.     

Effects of retinoic acid on protein synthesis in cultured melanoma cells

Retinoic acid reduces the growth rate of mouse S91 melanoma cells in culture and increases the proportion of cells in the G₁ phase of the cell cycle. Because of the integral role protein synthesis has been shown to play in growth control we studied the effect of retinoic acid on the protein synthesis machinery with a cell-free system developed from the melanoma cells. This system was capable of translating endogenous mRNA, exogenous globin mRNA, and the synthetic template poly(U). Of the above activities of the protein synthesis system only the translation of endogenous mRNA was reduced significantly in the cell-free system prepared from retinoic acid-treated cells. Analyses of the amount and function of RNA revealed that treatment with retinoic acid leads to reductions in total RNA content, in the proportion of ribosomes in polysomes, in the amount of poly(A)RNA, and in the amount of polysome-associated mRNA. All these effects of retinoic acid contribute to the decrease in protein synthesis activity of treated cells. Two-dimensional electrophoresis anlaysis of L-[³⁵S]methionine-labeled proteins produced by untreated and treated cells revealed only a few quantitative differences. We suggest that retinoic acid-induced suppression of protein synthesis activity may be the cause for growth inhibition.