Genome-wide analysis of the SET DOMAIN GROUP family in grapevine

The SET DOMAIN GROUP (SDG) proteins represent an evolutionarily-conserved family of epigenetic regulators present in eukaryotes and are putative candidates for the catalysis of lysine methylation in histones. Plant genomes analyses of this family have been performed in arabidopsis, maize, and rice and functional studies have shown that SDG genes are involved in the control of plant development. In this work, we describe the identification and structural characterization of SDG genes in the Vitis vinifera genome. This analysis revealed the presence of 33 putative SDG genes that can be grouped into different classes, as it has been previously described for plants. In addition to the SET domain, the proteins identified possessed other domains in the different classes. As part of our study regarding the growth and development of grapevine, we selected eight genes and their expression levels were analyzed in representative vegetative and reproductive organs of this species. The selected genes showed different patterns of expression during inflorescence and fruit development, suggesting that they participate in these processes. Furthermore, we showed that the expression of selected SDGs changes during viral infection, using as a model Grapevine Leafroll Associated Virus 3-infected symptomatic grapevine leaves and fruits. Our results suggest that developmental changes caused by this virus could be the result of alterations in SDG expression.     

TY21a口服伤寒活菌苗肠衣胶囊的大规模现场试验

<正> 在世界许多地区伤寒仍然是一种重要的疾病,并能造成旅游者的一种感染。大部份地区伤寒的发病率在5-19岁年龄组的儿童中最高。在控制伤寒的方案中以学校为基地的免疫接种是恰当的,因为学龄儿童代表着伤寒“俘虏”人群。 虽然热酚灭活和丙酮灭活的不经肠道的灭活全菌体伤寒菌苗提供了有价值的保护,但很少用于系统的控制伤寒计划中,因为它们的副反应高。 抗伤寒免疫接种中的一个重要进展是     

古植物学在解释中国植物地理上的潜力

中国许多植物分类群的现代分布证明了一些区系重要性中心可能是古老的并且具有进化的意义,或者这些中心可能仅仅是它们在新生代迁移历史中最后的一些场所。本文概述白刺属(Nitraria),麻黄属(Ephedra),山核桃属(Carya),枫香树属(Liquidambar),枫杨属(Pterocarya)以及桦木科(Betu-laceae)这些分类群在中国的新生代和现在的分布。结论是:现在这些属的重要性中心不同于它们在新生代某个地质世代的;每个分类群在新生代中都经历过较大规模的迁移和遭受过具有重要意义的一些消灭作用的影响。桦木科的演变历史虽然在主要方面已经解决但还是不很明朗。     

An analysis of the inactivation of the frog sperm nucleus by toluidine blue

Toluidine blue, applied to frog sperm under appropriate conditions, inactivates specifically the sperm nucleus, leaving the extranuclear parts of the cell undamaged. Thus, the dye-treated spermatozoa stimulate eggs to cleave normally, but contribute no chromosomes to the resulting embryos, which develop as typical gynogenetic haploids. The concentration of dye required to produce this inactivation varies with pH. Measurements made over the entire pH range which can be tolerated by sperm cells showed that in the lower part of the range (5 to 7) the effective dye concentration was about 5 x 10(-6)M; in the intermediate range (7 to 8.5) it was 1 x (-6) to 1 x (-7)M; and for the higher pH values (8.5 to 10.0) it was about 5 x (-8)M. Using sperm suspensions containing 1500 cells per c. mm. these concentrations of dye produced specific inactivation of the sperm nuclei within 7 to 60 minutes at 18 degrees C. Tests of the reversibility of the inactivation were made by transferring the sperm from the dye to a dilute Ringer's solution after a known degree of inactivation had been produced. Following removal of the dye the sperm cells were tested on eggs over a period of 2 hours. During this time there was no indication of a reversal of the inactivation. Microscopic observations of sperm treated with (-5)M or 5 X (-5)M dye show that the dye is taken up by the sperm nucleus, which is faintly but definitely stained. The dye appears to be uniformly distributed in the nucleus, while extranuclear structures remain unstained. Measurements of the amount of dye bound per sperm nucleus indicate that the minimal quantity required for complete inactivation is about 6.7 x (-18) mole, while the maximal amount which can be bound without injury to extranuclear structures is about 1.5 x (-16) mole. The value obtained for the minimal requirement (6.7 X (16) mole = 4 X (6) molecules) suggests that there are roughly 4 million binding sites in the nucleus which, when blocked by dye molecules, somehow prevent the sperm chromosomes from participating in the development of the egg.