Levels of genetic polymorphism: marker loci versus quantitative traits.

Species are the units used to measure ecological diversity and alleles are the units of genetic diversity. Genetic variation within and among species has been documented most extensively using allozyme electrophoresis. This reveals wide differences in genetic variability within, and genetic distances among, species, demonstrating that species are not equivalent units of diversity. The extent to which the pattern observed for allozymes can be used to infer patterns of genetic variation in quantitative traits depends on the forces generating and maintaining variability. Allozyme variation is probably not strictly neutral but, nevertheless, heterozygosity is expected to be influenced by population size and genetic distance will be affected by time since divergence. The same is true for quantitative traits influenced by many genes and under weak stabilizing selection. However, the limited data available suggest that allozyme variability is a poor predictor of genetic variation in quantitative traits within populations. It is a better predictor of general phenotypic divergence and of postzygotic isolation between populations or species, but is only weakly correlated with prezygotic isolation. Studies of grasshopper and planthopper mating signal variation and assortative mating illustrate how these characters evolve independently of general genetic and morphological variation. The role of such traits in prezygotic isolation, and hence speciation, means that they will contribute significantly to the diversity of levels of genetic variation within and among species.     

Turnover of the aggregates and cross-linked products of the D1 protein generated by acceptor-side photoinhibition of photosystem II.

It is known that the reaction-center binding protein D1 in photosystem (PS) II is degraded significantly during photoinhibition. The D1 protein also cross-links covalently or aggregates non-covalently with the nearby polypeptides in PS II complexes by illumination. In the present study, we detected the adducts between the D1 protein and the other reaction-center binding protein D2 (D1/D2), the alpha-subunit of cyt b(559) (D1/cyt b(559)), and the antenna chlorophyll-binding protein CP43 (D1/CP43) by SDS/urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting with specific antibodies. The adducts were observed by weak and strong illumination (light intensity: 50-5000 microE m(-2) s(-1)) of PS II membranes, thylakoids and intact chloroplasts from spinach, under aerobic conditions. These results indicate that the cross-linking or aggregation of the D1 protein is a general phenomenon which occurs in vivo as well as in vitro with photodamaged D1 proteins. We found that the formation of the D1/D2, D1/cyt b(559) and D1/CP43 adducts is differently dependent on the light intensity; the D1/D2 heterodimers and D1/cyt b(559) were formed even by illumination with weak light, whereas generation of the D1/CP43 aggregates required strong illumination. We also detected that these D1 adducts were efficiently removed by the addition of stromal components, which may contain proteases, molecular chaperones and the associated proteins. By two-dimensional SDS/urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we found that several stromal proteins, including a 15-kDa protein are effective in removing the D1/CP43 aggregates, and that their activity is resistant to SDS.     

Morphological analysis of female gametophyte development in the bel1 stk shp1 shp2 mutant

Abstract

In Arabidopsis thaliana, cell fate in developing ovules is determined by the action of the homeodomain factor BELL1 (BEL1) and of the MADS-box factors SEEDSTICK (STK), SHATTERPROOF1 (SHP1) and SHP2. The analysis of the bel1 and the stk shp1 shp2 mutants revealed that the functional megaspore is formed, however, it does not proceed into megagametogenesis. In the bel1 stk shp1 shp2, quadruple mutant megasporogenesis does not take place. In this article we describe a detailed morphological analysis of the quadruple mutant, and we discuss the possibility that BELL1, STK, SHP1 and SHP2 not only control integument identity determination and development, but that they might also play a role during megasporogenesis.     

A nonradioisotope biomedical assay for intact oligonucleotide and its chain-shortened metabolites used for determination of exposure and elimination half-life of antisense drugs in tissue.

Rigorous extraction methods coupled with capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) provide a basis for a nonradiolabel assay for quantitation of intact antisense drug and its numerous chain-shortened metabolites. As part of the validation of the CGE method, we compared the quantitation of unlabeled ISIS 3521 (ISI 641A) and its chain-shortened metabolites with total radioactivity of [(35)S]-ISIS 3521. ISIS 3521 was labeled on the fifth nucleotide linkage from the 5'-end with (35)S by well-established methods. Multiple tissues collected from rats after administration of [(35)S]-ISIS 3521 were assayed by both radiolabel (liquid scintillation spectroscopy) and CGE methods. The CGE method provided accurate quantitation of the drug and its metabolites in kidney cortex and liver tissues. The correlation between methods for multiple tissues over time was excellent with 88.5% of the measurements being statistically equivalent. These data suggest that CGE is an accurate means of quantitating oligonucleotide in tissue and that it compares favorably with traditional radiochemical techniques. Clearance half-lives for total measurable oligonucleotides were equivalent to clearance of total radioactivity in both liver and kidney with the longest clearance half-life associated with the kidney.     

The generic placement of a morphologically enigmatic species in Asteraceae: evidence from ITS sequences

 Bidens cordylocarpa is a high polyploid species restricted in distribution to stream sides in the mountains of Jalisco, Mexico. The morphologically enigmatic species was originally described as a member of the genus Coreopsis, but later transferred to Bidens, largely because the involucral bracts appear most similar to Bidens. Characters of the cypselae, often useful in generic placement, are of no value for this species because the fruits have features not detected in either Bidens or Coreopsis. Sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) were used to assess the relationships of Bidens cordylocarpa. The molecular phylogeny places B. cordylocarpa in a strongly supported clade of Mexican and South American Bidens, and provides more definitive evidence of relationships than morphology, chromosome number, or secondary chemistry. Molecular, morphological, and chromosomal data suggest that B. cordylocarpa is an ancient polyploid, perhaps the remnant of a polyploid complex. Received August 28, 2000 Accepted February 11, 2001