Mechanism and dynamics of conformational ordering in xanthan polysaccharide

The thermally induced order-disorder transition of xanthan (extracellular bacterial polysaccharide from Xanthomonas campestris) has been investigated by optical rotation, differential scanning calorimetry, stopped-flow reaction kinetics and low-angle laser light scattering, and the results have been analysed in terms of Zimm -Bragg helix-coil transition theory. The reciprocal of the transition midpoint temperature (Tm) varies linearly with the logarithm of cation (K+) the salt dependence of Tm, is in agreement with Manning polyelectrolyte theory the ordered structure. The associated increase in cation binding, calculated from the salt dependence of tm, is in agreement with the Manning polyelectrolyte theory for one of the candidate structures from X-ray diffraction, a 5(1) single helix stabilized by packing of side-chains along the polymer backbone, but not for the alternative double-helix structure that has also been proposed. At each salt concentration, the two fundamental parameters of the Zimm -Bragg theory, s and sigma, were calculated. The equilibrium constant for growth of the ordered structure (s) is derived directly from calorimetric measurement of transition enthalpy (delta Hcal ), and sigma, which quantifies the relative instability of the helix nucleus, is derived from the ratio of delta Hcal to the apparent transition enthalpy (delta Happ ) obtained by van't Hoff analysis of the optical rotation data. The temperature course of conformational ordering calculated theoretically is in good quantitative agreement with experimental results from both optical rotation and scanning calorimetry. The calculated average length of stable, ordered chain-sequences increases with decreasing temperature, but equals or exceeds the total chain length from light scattering only at temperatures more than approximately equal to 70 K below Tm, suggesting that ordered and disordered regions may co-exist within the same xanthan molecule. Consistent with this interpretation, the observed rate of conformational ordering increases sharply under conditions where the starting solution for dynamic measurements is partially ordered, suggesting that ordered sequences within each chain may act as helix nuclei for adjacent disordered regions, so that helix growth, rather than the slower nucleation process, becomes rate limiting.     

Human newborn autologous mixed lymphocyte response: frequency and phenotype of responders and xenoantigen specificity

The response of human newborn lymphocytes in autologous mixed lymphocyte culture was examined for specificity (by restimulation), responder cell phenotype, and responder cell frequency. When the newborn T cells were separated from non-T cells by rosetting with sheep erythrocytes (E) in fetal calf serum (FCS), approximately 1:20,000 T cells proliferated. These responders had specificity for E + FCS, were T4+, and were self-restricted. Significant numbers of responder T cells were not found when newborn T and non-T cells were separated by nylon wool. Responses in parallel autologous cultures of adult T cells showed that 1) adults had a higher frequency than newborns of E + FCS specific responders, 2) evidence for self specificity was lacking in restimulated cultures, and 3) occasional responses to antigen on the surface of monocytes could not be excluded.     

The Teorell membrane oscillator as a mechano-electric transducer

Summary The results of a recent quantitative analysis of the Teorell membrane oscillator are utilized to explore its role as an excitability analogue. Special attention is paid to its role as a mechano-electric transducer. A membrane of exceptionally well-defined pore structure has been used in this study. The analogue properties arise from nonlinear coupling between water and salt fluxes. When the membrane is simultaneously subjected to controlled gradients of hydrostatic pressure, electrical potential and concentration, bi-stable stationary states can be produced. These arise from the opposing effects of pressure and electro-osmosis on the volume flow. Transitions between these states show hysteresis. The factors governing such transitions are analogous to certain types of stimuli encountered in the natural excitation process. The membrane system also shows oscillatory behavior when the hydrostatic pressure gradient is allowed to vary under constant current conditions. This property is related to the bi-stable stationary state phenomena and is compared to the regenerative behavior found in biologically excitable tissues. Particular emphasis is placed upon analogies between the membrane oscillator and certain natural tissues. The importance of the nonlinear nature of the force-flux coupling in the analogue is stressed, and its possible relevance to biological excitability indicated. Some consideration is also given to the role of electro-osmotic flux coupling in biological tissues.     

Population increases of buffalo and wildebeest in the Serengeti*

Censuses of buffalo and wildebeest in the Serengeti-Mara region have been carried out by various workers at intervals since 1958. The methods of these censuses, which normally employ a total count, are described and the errors inherent in such techniques are analysed in detail. After the appropriate corrections had been made the results showed that both populations have increased considerably over the years 1961–1971.