Elasto-thixotropic properties of bronchial mucus and polymer analogs. I. Experimental results

The non-newtonian viscous and elasto-thixotropic properties of native and lyophilized pathological bronchial mucus and of polymer solutions (3% and 6% PIB in decalin) used as mucus analogs were analyzed using a cone-plate Carri-Med rheometer and a Couette viscoelastometer that we have specifically developed for measuring the rheological properties of bronchial mucus in clinical practice. The master curves obtained for apparent viscosity under steady conditions as a function of shear rates (gamma: 2.6 X 10(-3) to 6.9 X 10(1) sec-1) were fairly similar, whatever the apparatus used. Under transient conditions, at low shear rate (gamma less than 1.4 sec-1), PIB and mucus exhibited a typical viscoelastic behavior: the shear stress increased slightly up to a steady-state value. At higher gamma, a transitory overshoot of sigma characteristic of the elastothixotropic systems appeared. Such a behavior can be interpreted as resulting from structural changes such as formation and rupture of the three-dimensional network present in bronchial mucus as in polymer solutions.     

Aggression persists after ovariectomy in female rats

Aggression occurs not only in males but also in females, however, under different sex-specific stimulus and endocrine conditions. After being housed with males, female rats exhibit frequent and intense aggressive behavior toward unfamiliar rats. However, the female residents primarily attack female intruder rats, while the male residents attack males and not females. Altering the hormonal condition of the intruders can modify the behavior that they provoke from the residents. Castration of the male intruders reduces aggression from male residents, but ovariectomy of the female intruders does not alter the behavior of the female residents. Treatment of the gonadectomized intruders with gonadal steroids significantly alters the response of the male residents. Resident-intruder aggressive behavior depends on the presence of the testes in the male residents but not on the ovaries or on lactation in the female residents. Even 7 weeks after ovariectomy the female residents continue to show aggressive behavior toward female intruders. In the same time period the castrated male residents show a marked decrease in aggressive and sexual behavior.     

An improved purification method for cytosolic malate dehydrogenase from several sources

A new purification method for cytosolic malate dehydrogenases from several sources has been developed. The procedure, employing chromatographies on 5'AMP-Sepharose, DEAE-Sephacel and Blue-Sepharose, allows for a rapid isolation of the enzyme (approximately 40 hours), in large quantities, with good yields (45-54%). The specific activity of final preparations were around 1300 I.U./mg and were judged homogeneous by polyacrylamide gradient gel and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, high performance size exclusion chromatography and isoelectric focusing.     

Characterisation of Trypanosoma cruzi populations by dna polymorphism of the cruzipain gene detected by single-stranded dna conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and direct sequencing

Fifty fresh isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi from Triatoma dimidiata vectors and 31 from patients with Chagas disease were analysed for DNA polymorphisms within the 432-bp core region of the cruzipain gene which encodes the active site of cathepsin L-like cystein proteinase. The cruzipain gene showed signs of polymorphism consisting of four different DNA sequences in Central and South American isolates of T. cruzi. The PCR fragments of Guatemalan isolates could be divided into three groups, Groups 1, 2 and 3, based on different patterns of single-stranded DNA conformation polymorphism. All of the strains isolated from Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay, except for the CL strain, showed a Group 4 pattern. Two to four isolates from each group were analysed by cloning and sequencing. A silent mutation occurred between Groups 1 and 2, and five nucleotides and two aa substitutions were detected between Groups 1 and 3. The DNA sequence of Group 4 contained five nucleotides and one aa substitution from Group 1. All of the DNA sequences corresponded well with the single-stranded DNA conformation polymorphism. The Group 1 isolates, the majority in the Guatemalan population (70/81, 86.4%), were isolated from both triatomines and humans, but Group 3 were isolated only from humans. Moreover, the Group 2 isolates were detected only in triatomine vectors (9/50; 18%), but never in humans (0/32, P<0.05) suggesting that this group has an independent life-cycle in sylvatic animals and is maintained by reservoir hosts other than humans.     

Crypsis in a heterogeneous environment: relationships between changeable polymorphic colour patterns and behaviour in a galaxiid fish

1. The ability to achieve optimal camouflage varies between microhabitats in heterogeneous environments, potentially restricting individuals to a single habitat or imposing a compromise on crypsis to match several habitats. However, animals may exhibit morphological and behavioural attributes that enhance crypsis in different habitats. 2. We used an undescribed fish species, Galaxias‘nebula’, to investigate two objectives. First, we examined two potential methods of enhancing crypsis: change in colour pattern and selection of a suitable background. Second, we characterised the colour pattern of this unstudied fish and assessed its capacity for crypsis. 3. No background selection was apparent but the area of dark pigment expressed varied between backgrounds, which may negate the requirement to be choosy about habitats. The capacity to change colour and selection of a background that maximises crypsis are most likely separate, non‐mutually exclusive strategies. 4. Galaxias‘nebula’ exhibits polymorphic, non‐interchangeable colour patterns that have elements of both background pattern matching and disruptive colouration. This, coupled with habitat characteristics, suggests a combination of generalist and specialist strategies of habitat use. The fish’s camouflage strategy and air‐breathing ability may be key to survival under increasing pressure from habitat degradation and invasive predators.