A study of connective tissue macromolecules in skin of mice with goldthioglucose-induced obesity.

The effect of obesity on the connective tissue composition of skin was investigated in mice with goldthioglucose (GTG)-induced obesity. Four months after GTG treatment, the obese animals were sacrificed. Acid mucopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, collagen, and elastin were analyzed in the skin and compared to the controls. Total MPS in the skin from obese animals decreased, reflected mostly in hyaluronic acid. Chondroitin showed an increase over controls. The content of soluble glycoproteins varied; total carbohydrate and sialic acid of the glycoprotein tended to increase with obesity. Collagen and elastin both tended to decrease with obesity.     

A spectroscopic examination on intermolecular interaction of ergosterol with lecithin

The ergosterol and lecithin absorption IR-spectra were studied in a nonpolar anhydrous medium. The thermodynamical and spectral characteristics of dimeric associates and the enthalpy value for trimeric associates of this sterol are determined. Thermodynamical and spectral parameters of ergosterol intermolecular associates with lecithin in a nonpolar anhydrous medium are found. It is established that the intermolecular interaction of lecithin with ergosterol occurs according to the mechanism of hydrogen bond. A conclusion is drawn that the presence of binary bonds and methyl groups in the cyclic and aliphatic parts of the sterol molecule affects greatly the structure of the model membrane and its strength. It is shown that under conditions of the experiment the oxygen of the phosphate group contributes to formation of the molecular associates of lecithin with sterols and not that of the carbonyl group. The obtained experimental data may be at use when studying structural disturbances of native membranes in norm and with different pathologies.     

Scrotal circumference measurements in 764 beef bulls.

A total of 764 breeding soundness examinations was conducted on beef bulls utilizing the method of examination and criteria for classifying bulls of the Society for Theriogenology. In addition to this examination each bull was subjected to scrotal circumference measurement and to weighing. Classification of the bulls according to breeding soundness potentials was as follows: 88% of the bulls were satisfactory potential breeders, 8% of the bulls were questionable potential breeders and 4% of the bulls were unsatisfactory potential breeders. The proportions of bulls in each classification; satisfactory, questionable, or unsatisfactory; were not different among the four breeds evaluated. The majority of bulls evaluated in this study were between 14 and 36 months of age and weighed between 900 and 1500 pounds. For the ages and weights evaluated, scrotal circumference measurement variances were not closely related to age and weight differences. There was a tendency shown for “Questionable” and “Unsatisfactory Potential Breeders” to have smaller scrotal circumference measurements. The study indicates that Angus, Charolais, Horned Hereford and Polled Hereford bulls of breeding ages and weights should have scrotal circumference measurements of at least 32 centimeters in order to be classified as “Satisfactory Potential Breeders”.     

Aggregation of truncated GST-HD exon 1 fusion proteins containing normal range and expanded glutamine repeats.

We have shown previously by electron microscopy that the purified glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Huntington's disease (HD) exon 1 fusion protein with 51 glutamine residues (GST-HD51) is an oligomer, and that site-specific proteolytic cleavage of this fusion protein results in the formation of insoluble more highly ordered protein aggregates with a fibrillar or ribbon-like morphology (E. Scherzinger et al. (1997) Cell 90, 549-558). Here we report that a truncated GST HD exon 1 fusion protein with 51 glutamine residues, which lacks the proline-rich region C-terminal to the polyglutamine (polyQ) tract (GST-HD51 delta P) self-aggregates into high-molecular-mass protein aggregates without prior proteolytic cleavage. Electron micrographs of these protein aggregates revealed thread-like fibrils with a uniform diameter of ca. 25 nm. In contrast, proteolytic cleavage of GST-HD51 delta P resulted in the formation of numerous clusters of high-molecular-mass fibrils with a different, ribbon-like morphology. These structures were reminiscent of prion rods and beta-amyloid fibrils in Alzheimer's disease. In agreement with our previous results with full-length GST-HD exon 1, the truncated fusion proteins GST-HD20 delta P and GST-HD30 delta P did not show any tendency to form more highly ordered structures, either with or without protease treatment.     

T cell activation by coxsackievirus B4 antigens in type 1 diabetes mellitus: evidence for selective TCR Vbeta usage without superantigenic activity.

Numerous clinical and epidemiological studies link enteroviruses such as the Coxsackie virus group with the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). In addition, there are reports that patients with type 1 DM are characterized by skewing of TCR Vbeta chain selection among peripheral blood and intraislet T lymphocytes. To examine these issues, we analyzed TCR Vbeta chain-specific up-regulation of the early T cell activation marker, CD69, on CD4 T cells after incubation with Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) Ags. CD4 T cells bearing the Vbeta chains 2, 7, and 8 were the most frequently activated by CVB4. Up-regulation of CD69 by different TCR families was significantly more frequent in new onset type 1 DM patients (p = 0.04), 100% of whom (n = 8) showed activation of CD4 T cells bearing Vbeta8, compared with 50% of control subjects (n = 8; p = 0.04). T cell proliferation after incubation with CVB4 Ags required live, nonfixed APCs, suggesting that the selective expansion of CD4 T cells with particular Vbeta chains resulted from conventional antigen processing and presentation rather than superantigen activity. Heteroduplex analysis of TCR Vbeta chain usage after CVB4 stimulation indicated a relatively polyclonal, rather than oligo- or monoclonal response to viral Ags. These results provide evidence that new-onset patients with type 1 DM and healthy controls are primed against CVB4, and that CD4 T cell responses to the virus have a selective TCR Vbeta chain usage which is driven by viral Ags rather than a superantigen.     

Cytokine regulation of facilitated glucose transport in human articular chondrocytes.

Glucose serves as the major energy substrate and the main precursor for the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans in chondrocytes. Facilitated glucose transport represents the first rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism. This study examines molecular regulation of facilitated glucose transport in normal human articular chondrocytes by proinflammatory cytokines. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, and to a lesser degree IL-6, accelerate facilitated glucose transport as measured by [(3)H]2-deoxyglucose uptake. IL-1beta induces an increased expression of glucose transporter (GLUT) 1 mRNA and protein, and GLUT9 mRNA. GLUT3 and GLUT8 mRNA are constitutively expressed in chondrocytes and are not regulated by IL-1beta. GLUT2 and GLUT4 mRNA are not detected in chondrocytes. IL-1beta stimulates GLUT1 protein glycosylation and plasma membrane incorporation. IL-1beta regulation of glucose transport in chondrocytes depends on protein kinase C and p38 signal transduction pathways, and does not require phosphoinositide 3-kinase, extracellular signal-related kinase, or c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. IL-1beta-accelerated glucose transport in chondrocytes is not mediated by endogenous NO or eicosanoids. These results demonstrate that stimulation of glucose transport represents a component of the chondrocyte response to IL-1beta. Two classes of GLUTs are identified in chondrocytes, constitutively expressed GLUT3 and GLUT8, and the inducible GLUT1 and GLUT9.