Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Soil Ciliate Uroleptoides longiseries (Foissner,Agatha and Berger, 2002) Berger 2008 (Ciliophora,Hypotrichia)

Morphogenesis of the hypotrich ciliate Uroleptoides longiseries, isolated from sandy soil beside the Yellow River, Suide, Yulin, Shaanxi Province, China, was investigated using protargol staining. The main events during binary fission are as follows: (1) the long frontoventral row is formed by a single anlage; (2) five frontoventral‐transverse cirral anlagen are formed in primary mode; (3) only the posterior part of the parental adoral zone of the membranelles is renewed; and (4) the oral primordium of the opisthe is formed intrakinetally. This is the first detailed record of all stages of morphogenesis for Uroleptoides. We also provide the first record of the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences for U. longiseries. Phylogenetic analyses based on the SSU rDNA sequences data show that Uroleptoides longiseries clusters with U. magnigranulosa with moderate to high support which together form a clade with Orthoamphisiella breviseries. These three species share the morphogenetic feature of the long frontoventral row being formed by a single anlage.     

Hydroxytyrosol prevents dermal papilla cells inflammation under oxidative stress by inducing autophagy

Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a primary phenolic antioxidant in olive oil, can afford protection from oxidative stress (OS) in different cells, including skin cells. In particular, it regulates several inflammation‐associated processes as well as in improving the antioxidant defense system. However, there is no information about HT used in the treatment of hair loss. This work aimed at exploring the potential protective actions of HT against OS in rat dermal papilla cells. After treatment, the related expression of protein and messenger RNA were detected using morphological and molecular analyses. The results showed that HT significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species level, apoptotic markers and inflammation induced by OS and enhanced cell survival by regulating autophagy. Furthermore, HT enhanced the secretion of hair growth factors in the anti‐inflammation process. These results suggest that HT has a significant protective ability against OS and encourage the use of this biological ingredient as a possible tool to prevent alopecia.     

Pacer Is a Mediator of mTORC1 and GSK3-TIP60 Signaling in Regulation of Autophagosome Maturation and Lipid Metabolism

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Bilobalide alleviates IL‐17‐induced inflammatory injury in ATDC5 cells by downregulation of microRNA‐125a

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a high disability and greatly destructive disease. In this study, we preliminarily studied the function and mechanism of bilobalide (BIL) on interleukin (IL)‐17‐induced inflammatory injury in ATDC5 cells. CCK‐8 and migration assays were used to detect the functions of IL‐7, BIL, and microRNA (miR)‐125a on cell viability and migration. The miR‐125a level was changed by transfection, and tested by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, Western blot tested the levels of inflammatory factors (IL‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and pathway‐related proteins. Moreover, the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay also was used to detect inflammatory factor levels. IL‐7 was used to construct an inflammatory injury model in ATDC5 cells. Based on this, BIL inhibited IL‐17‐induced cell viability, migration, and expressions of inflammatory factors and MMPs. Furthermore, we found BIL negatively regulated miR‐125a, and the miR‐125a mimic could partly reverse the effects of BIL on IL‐17‐injury. Finally, we showed that BIL inhibited the c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) pathways, and the miR‐125a mimic had the opposite effect. BIL inhibited IL‐17‐induced inflammatory injury in ATDC5 cells by downregulation of miR‐125a via JNK and NF‐κB signaling pathways.     

Molecular characteristics of microbially mediated transformations of Synechococcus-derived dissolved organic matter as revealed by incubation experiments

In this study, we investigated the microbially mediated transformation of labile Synechococcus-derived DOM to RDOM using a 60-day experimental incubation system. Three phases of TOC degradation activity (I, II and III) were observed following the addition of Synechococcus-derived DOM. The phases were characterized by organic carbon consumption rates of 8.77, 1.26 and 0.16 μmol L⁻¹ day⁻¹, respectively. Excitation emission matrix analysis revealed the presence of three FDOM components including tyrosine-like, fulvic acid-like, and humic-like molecules. The three components also exhibited differing biological availabilities that could be considered as labile DOM (LDOM), semi-labile DOM (SLDOM) and RDOM, respectively. DOM molecular composition was also evaluated using FT-ICR MS. Based on differing biological turnover rates and normalized intensity values, a total of 1704 formulas were identified as candidate LDOM, SLDOM and RDOM molecules. Microbial transformation of LDOM to RDOM tended to proceed from high to low molecular weight, as well as from molecules with high to low double bond equivalent (DBE) values. Relatively higher aromaticity was observed in the formulas of RDOM molecules relative to those of LDOM molecules. FDOM components provide valuable proxy information to investigate variation in the bioavailability of DOM. These results suggest that coordinating fluorescence spectroscopy and FT-ICR MS of DOM, as conducted here, is an effective strategy to identify and characterize LDOM, SLDOM and RDOM molecules in incubation experiments emulating natural systems. The results described here provide greater insight into the metabolism of phytoplankton photosynthate by heterotrophic bacteria in marine environments.     

Surfactin and fengycin contribute to the protection of a Bacillus subtilis strain against grape downy mildew by both direct effect and defence stimulation

Bacillus subtilis GLB191 (hereafter GLB191) is an efficient biological control agent against the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew. In this study, we show that GLB191 supernatant is also highly active against downy mildew and that the activity results from both direct effect against the pathogen and stimulation of the plant defences (induction of defence gene expression and callose production). High-performance thin-layer chromatography analysis revealed the presence of the cyclic lipopeptides fengycin and surfactin in the supernatant. Mutants affected in the production of fengycin and/or surfactin were thus obtained and allowed us to show that both surfactin and fengycin contribute to the double activity of GLB191 supernatant against downy mildew. Altogether, this study suggests that GLB191 supernatant could be used as a new biocontrol product against grapevine downy mildew.     

陕甘宁地区降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源

依据全球大气降水稳定同位素观测网络(GNIP)和已有研究中陕甘宁地区的大气降水氢氧稳定同位素资料,并结合相关气象数据,分析了陕甘宁地区大气降水氧稳定同位素的时空分布特征及其影响因子,并建立了大气降水线方程.结果表明:3省大气降水线的斜率、截距由小到大依次为:甘肃、陕西、宁夏,且均小于全球大气降水线方程的斜率、截距,表明3省的降水过程受蒸发作用影响程度沿宁夏、陕西、甘肃增强;陕甘宁地区大气降水中δ18O值在时间变化上,表现为夏秋季节富集、冬春季节贫化,从空间分布来看,由西北至东南,加权平均δ18O值呈减小趋势;3省降水中δ18O温度效应显著,但不存在降水量效应,这体现了中高纬度大陆性气候的特征;高程效应的定量关系为-0.12‰·(100 m)^-1,纬度效应更显著(纬度每增加1°,降水中δ18O相应贫化0.27‰);采用HYSPLIT模型对各站点的水汽来源进行追踪,气团聚类轨迹表明,夏半年主要有来自孟加拉湾的水汽、东南季风水汽和西风带水汽,冬半年以西风带水汽为主.     

RORα高表达对二烯丙基二硫抑制人胃癌细胞增殖与迁移侵袭的影响

目的观察高表达RORα对二烯丙基二硫(DADS)抑制人胃癌MGC803细胞增殖、迁移与侵袭的影响。方法集落形成实验与流式细胞术检测细胞增殖与细胞周期;细胞划痕和Transwell实验分别检测细胞迁移与侵袭。RT-PCR与Western blot分别检测RORα、MMP-9和TIMP3 mRNA与蛋白表达水平。结果RT-PCR与Western blot检测显示,RORα高表达与DADS处理较对照组与空载体组RORαmRNA与蛋白表达明显上调,DADS+RORα高表达组上调更为显著(P<0.05)。与对照组和空载体组比较,RORα高表达与DADS处理组MMP-9表达下调,TIMP3表达上调,DADS+RORα高表达组改变最为显著。集落形成实验显示,RORα高表达与DADS处理组较对照组与空载体组的集落形成率明显降低。流式细胞术显示,与对照组和空载体组比较,RORα高表达与DADS处理组G2/M期细胞比率明显升高。细胞划痕和Transwell实验显示,RORα高表达与DADS处理组细胞迁移与侵袭能力明显降低。结论RORα高表达可通过上调TIMP3与下调MMP-9促进DADS阻滞MGC803细胞G2/M期和抑制增殖与迁移侵袭。