可持续的污水处理过程与展望

传统上,污水在处理过程中其所含有的能源和营养物质等也被消耗了。可持续的水处理不仅包括污水无害化处理,还包括能源和营养物的综合回收利用。综合论述了可持续的污水处理概念、理论、方法和污水处理过程中物质回收技术的发展。     

Ecotoxicity of soils contaminated with industrial and domestic wastewater in western Shenyang, China

Soil samples were collected from 7 sites in the up-, mid- and down-reach along and nearby the wastewater irrigation channel, western Shenyang of China. The concentrations of selected pollutants (mineral oil, PAHs - polycycle aromatic hydrocarbons and Cd) were determined by UV spectrometer, HPLC and AAS (atomic adsorption spectrometer) spectrometer, respectively. Toxicity effects of soils were evaluated by seedling emergence test with root length of wheat as the end-point and by earthworms test with the mortality rate and inhibition rates of body weight as endpoints. Results showed accumulation of pollutants for most soils with concentration of 200.2 mg·kg-1-1600 mg·kg-1 for mineral oil, 0.33 mg·kg-1-1.81 mg·kg-1 for Cd and 900.16 mg·kg-1 -2737.91 mg·kg-1 for PAHs. The inhibition rates of root elongation were from -20% up to 40 %, and mortality rates of earthworms ranged from 0%-40% from the exposure period of two weeks to eight weeks by sampling interval of two weeks, the inhibition rates of earthw     

Short-term toxic effects of chlorobenzenes on broadbean (Vicia faba) seedlings

The root growth, changes in Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) activity, malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and total soluble protein level of broadbean (Vicia faba) seedlings were researched at different soil concentrations of chlorobenzene (CB), 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). The results showed that root growth of seedlings was interrupted after 5d of 50–200 μg · g⁻¹ TCB treatment. During a 3 d of recovery period, root growth was, however, restored to some extent although there was a delay in returning to the control level. The total soluble protein content in seedlings increased with TCB concentration and duration of exposure. Effect of TCB stress on SOD activity in seedlings displayed a significant dose-effect relationship for 1–5 d of 50–200 μg · g⁻¹ treatment. When broadbean seedlings were placed in clean tap water for 3 d following exposure to 5 d of TCB stress to clear tap water for 3 d, SOD activity at 50 μg · g⁻¹ TCB recovered towards control level (P> 0.05) while a significant increase in SOD activity was observed at 100 and 200 μg · g⁻¹ TCB compared to control (P< 0.05). The experiments also revealed that a significant increase of MDA level in seedlings occurred after 3 and 5 d of 100 and 200 μg · g⁻¹ TCB treatment (P< 0.05 andP< 0.01), and there was a positive correlation between TCB concentration and MDA level. All the above results showed that SOD activity and MDA level of broadbean seedlings might be proposed as the biomarkers for short-term TCB contamination in soil. Compared to TCB, the toxicity of 50−1000 μg · g⁻¹ CB or HCB in soil to broadbean seedlings was not observed after a 3 d exposure.

     

黄鳝二价体上随机引物原位DNA合成的探讨

采用随机引物,在黄鳝二价体上建立了氚标记引物原位DNA合成技术,并详细探索了该技术的实验条件。其结果显示黄鳝二价体上DNA延伸效果十分明显,银颗粒基本上是非随机性的相间排列,而且主要特征是基本稳定的,据此可以进行染色体识别。此外,还讨论了建立该技术的重要意义。 Abstract:We have developed a technique of random-primed tritium labeled DNA extension on the pachytene bivalents of rice-field eels.The bivalents were not homogeneously labeled with this technique and the extension signals were very apparent and relatively stable,and these can be applied to identify the individual bivalent.The significance to develop this technique has also been discussed in detail.     

制定我国土壤环境标准(汞、镉、铅和砷)的探讨

本文依据国内外土壤环境质量标准的研究现状,在提出土壤环境标准制定依据和原则的基础上,对Hg、Cd、Pb和As的土壤环境质量标准进行了研究。研究表明,我国土壤环境质量功能分区可包括:(1)自然保护区或“清洁”无污染区;(2)农牧区;(3)森林区;(4)城市区、废物处置区和工矿区。其相应的土壤环境质量标准,汞为0.10、0.20、0.50和1.00mg/kg;镉为0.15、0.30、0.50和1.00mg/kg;铅为30、60、100和300mg/kg;砷为15、20、27和30(砂土区除外)mg/kg,并论证这些标准值在全国应用的可能性。为全国土壤质量的宏观管理与控制污染提供了科学依据。     

Sox and Zfx genes in giant panda

ＯｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｒｅｃｅｎｔｂｒｅａｋｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｓｏｆｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｌｂｉｏｌｏｇｙｉｓｔｈｅｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｅｓｔｉｓｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒｇｅｎｅｏｎｔｈｅｍａｍｍａｌｉａｎＹｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅ[1],ＳＲＹｇｅｎｅ,ｂｙａｌｏｎｇｈｉｓｔｏｒｙｏｆｓｅａｒｃｈｆｏｒｔｈｅｇｅｎｅ,ｆｒｏｍＢｋｍ,ＨＹａｎｔｉｇｅｎ,ＺＦＸ/ＺＦＹｔｏＳＲＹ/ＳＯＸ(ＳＲＹｂｏｘｇｅｎｅｆａｍｉｌｙ).Ｒｅｃｅｎｔｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｃｌｏ…     

六种鲤科鱼类核仁组织者区的研究

采用银染及荧光染色技术,对6种鲤科鱼的NORs进行了研究。结果表明：这6种鲤科鱼中瓦氏雅罗鱼、花 、麦穗鱼、白甲鱼具有2个NORs,长春鳊、墨头鱼具有4个NORs。根据实验研究结果对鲤科鱼类NORs多态性及演化等进行了讨论。 The NORs were examined in 6 species of Cyprinidae by both silver nitrate and chromomycin A3,which led to the detections of 2 NORs in 4 species(Leuciscus waleckii,Hemibarbus maculates,Pseudorasbora parva,and Varicorhinus simus)and of 4 NORs in 2 species (Parabramis pekinensis,and Garra pingi pingi).Based on our results,the variation and evolution of fish NORs were discussed.     

重金属Cd－Zn对水稻的复合污染和生态效应

重金属Ｃｄ－Ｚｎ对水稻的复合污染和生态效应周启星（浙江农业大学,杭州３１００２９）吴燕玉,熊先哲（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＣｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｄａｎｄＺｎａｎｄｉｔｓｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｎｒｉｃｅ...     

Short-term toxic effects of chlorobenzenes on broadbean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis>) seedlings

The root growth, changes in Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) activity, malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and total soluble protein level of broadbean (Vicia faba) seedlings were researched at different soil concentrations of chlorobenzene (CB), 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). The results showed that root growth of seedlings was interrupted after 5d of 50–200 μg · g^?1 TCB treatment. During a 3 d of recovery period, root growth was, however, restored to some extent although there was a delay in returning to the control level. The total soluble protein content in seedlings increased with TCB concentration and duration of exposure. Effect of TCB stress on SOD activity in seedlings displayed a significant dose-effect relationship for 1–5 d of 50–200 μg · g^?1 treatment. When broadbean seedlings were placed in clean tap water for 3 d following exposure to 5 d of TCB stress to clear tap water for 3 d, SOD activity at 50 μg · g^?1 TCB recovered towards control level (P> 0.05) while a significant increase in SOD activity was observed at 100 and 200 μg · g^?1 TCB compared to control (P< 0.05). The experiments also revealed that a significant increase of MDA level in seedlings occurred after 3 and 5 d of 100 and 200 μg · g^?1 TCB treatment (P< 0.05 andP< 0.01), and there was a positive correlation between TCB concentration and MDA level. All the above results showed that SOD activity and MDA level of broadbean seedlings might be proposed as the biomarkers for short-term TCB contamination in soil. Compared to TCB, the toxicity of 50?1000 μg · g^?1 CB or HCB in soil to broadbean seedlings was not observed after a 3 d exposure.     

活性X-3B红染料的生物富集因子及在作物体内的分配

有机染料已成为中国地表环境中重要的一大类有机污染物.采用水培和土培两种微宇宙生态试验方法,对活性X-3B红染料的生物富集因子(BCF)及在作物体内的分配进行了研究.结果表明,在试验浓度范围内,该化合物BCF为252.1～409.4根据这一数值和有关评判依据,可知一般生物体对该有机染料具有中等水平的富集能力,各试验作物地下部分对活性X-3B红染料的积累比地上部分至少超出10倍,尤其以根部作为食物的萝卜更为明显从土壤-作物系统的完整性进行比较和以地上籽实为粮食的作物来看,各作物及其不同部位对活性X-3B红染料的积累浓度大致为大豆(棕壤)＞小麦(褐土)＞水稻(水稻土),根>茎秆＞叶＞籽实(不含壳);而从这些作物在其籽实中积累活性X-3B红染料来看,以累积量为最低的水稻籽实中的最大浓度也可达到23.33μg·lg^-1.可见,该有机染料对环境污染的生态风险不容忽视.