中国台湾蹦蝗属三新种及种检索表（直翅目，蝗总科，斑腿蝗科，秃蝗亚科）（英文）

记述了中国台湾蹦蝗属Sinopodisma Chang, 1940 3个新种。新种黄氏蹦蝗Sinopodisma huangi sp. nov. 同素木蹦蝗S. shirakii (Tinkham, 1936) 近似,但前胸背板的眼后带下缘具长方形黑斑和体较大,体长雄性为21.3~21.8 mm,雌性29.3 mm。 新种徐氏蹦蝗Sinopodisma xui sp. nov. 近似黄氏蹦蝗Sinopodisma huangisp. nov.,不同之处为前胸背板沿中隆线缺黑色纵带纹,后缘中央具浅的凹陷,前胸背板黑色眼后带下方具倾斜纹, 腹板中隔长等于最狭处。新种杨氏蹦蝗Sinopodisma yangi sp. nov. 近似台湾蹦蝗formosana (Shiraki, 1910),不同之处为体较细,黑色眼后带在前胸背板下缘具长方形突出带,向后到达腹部未端,腹板中隔长为最狭处的1.2 倍。列出了产于台湾的蹦蝗属8个种的检索表。     

The Roles of p38 MAPK/MSK1 Signaling Pathway in the Neuroprotection of Hypoxic Postconditioning Against Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia in Adult Rats

Postconditioning has regenerated interest as a mechanical intervention against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, but its molecular mechanisms remain unknown. We previously reported that hypoxic postconditioning (HPC) ameliorated neuronal death induced by transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) in hippocampal CA1 subregion of adult rats. This study tested the hypothesis that p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)/mitogen- and stress-response kinase 1 (MSK1) signaling pathway plays a role in the HPC-induced neuroprotection. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 10 min ischemia induced by applying the four-vessel occlusion method. HPC with 120 min was applied at 24 h after reperfusion. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the expression of phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and MSK1, as well as cleaved caspase-3. We found that HPC induced a significant increase of phosphorylated p38 MAPK and MSK1 in neurons of hippocampal CA1 region and a significant decrease in glial cells after tGCI as well. Furthermore, HPC attenuated caspase-3 cleavation triggered by tGCI in CA1 region. Moreover, p38 MAPK inhibition by SB203580 significantly decreased the phosphorylation of MSK1, increased cleaved caspase-3 expression, and abolished the neuroprotection of HPC. These findings suggested that p38 MAPK/MSK1 signaling axis contributed to HPC-mediated neuroprotection against tGCI, at least in part, by regulating the activation of caspase-3.     

Comparison of Endoscopic Ultrasonography and Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography for the Preoperative Staging of Gastric Cancer - Results of a Single Institution Study of 610 Chinese Patients

Background

This study compared the performance of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) in the preoperative staging of gastric cancer.

Methodology/Principal Findings

A total of 610 patients participated in this study, all of whom had undergone surgical resection, had confirmed gastric cancer and were evaluated with EUS and MSCT. Tumor staging was evaluated using the Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) staging and Japanese classification. The results from the imaging modalities were compared with the postoperative histopathological outcomes. The overall accuracies of EUS and MSCT for the T staging category were 76.7% and 78.2% (P=0.537), respectively. Stratified analysis revealed that the accuracy of EUS for T1 and T2 staging was significantly higher than that of MSCT (P<0.001 for both) and that the accuracy of MSCT in T3 and T4 staging was significantly higher than that of EUS (P<0.001 and 0.037, respectively). The overall accuracy of MSCT was 67.2% when using the 13th edition Japanese classification, and this percentage was significantly higher than the accuracy of EUS (49.3%) and MSCT (44.6%) when using the 6th edition UICC classification (P<0.001 for both values).

Conclusions/Significance

Our results demonstrated that the overall accuracies of EUS and MSCT for preoperative staging were not significantly different. We suggest that a combination of EUS and MSCT is required for preoperative evaluation of TNM staging.     

Endoenzymes associated with haemocyte types in the scallop (Chlamys farreri)

Haemocyte types of the scallop (Chlamys farreri) were identified by Giemsa stain and flow cytometry (FCM). Additionally, the activities of peroxidase (POD), phenoloxidase (PO) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in haemocytes were analysed by immunocytochemical and biochemical methods. The results indicate that there were two types of haemocytes in the scallop, hyalinocytes and granulocytes, and that POD, PO and ALP were more abundant and more active in granulocytes than in hyalinocytes.     

Comparison of antigenicity among haemocytes of seven bivalve species by monoclonal antibodies against haemocytes of scallop (Chlamys farreri)

In this paper, haemocyte antigenicity of seven bivalve species (scallop (Chlamys farreri), bay scallop (Argoecten irradians), oyster (Crassostrea talienwhanensis), asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix), monila clam (Ruditapes philipinarum), purplish washington clam (Saxidomus purpuratus) and horny ark (Scapharca subcrenta)) were analysed using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 1E7, 1F12, 2C6 and 2H5 against haemocytes of C. farreri, employed methods of immuno-dotblotting (IDB), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIFA) and western-blotting (WB). The four MAbs react with haemocytes of seven bivalve species. As the results for both IDB and IIFA, MAb 1E7 was positive with haemocytes of R. philipinarum, MAb 1F12 with haemocytes of A. irradians, M. meretrix, R. philipinarum and S. purpuratus; MAb 2C6 with haemocytes of the other five bivalve species except for S. purpuratus. MAb 2H5 was negative with haemocytes of the other six bivalve species in IDB, but was positive with haemocytes of R. philipinarum and S. purpuratus in IIFA. Further experiments by WB showed MAb 1F12 was able to recognise the protein of A. irradians haemocyte at molecular weights of 156 and 80 kDa, haemocytes of M. meretris, R. philipinarum, S. purpuratus, at 60, 30, 58 kDa, respectively. MAb 2C6 recognised haemocyte M. meretris proteins at 50 and 37 kDa, A. irradians, C. talienwhanensis, R. philipinarum, S. subcrenta at 40, 38, 38, 45 kDa, respectively. There were no protein bands reacting with MAb 1E7 and MAb 2H5. The results indicate antigenic similarities exist among haemocytes of the seven bivalve species.     

小鼠胚胎干细胞定向分化为神经干细胞过程中microRNA的变化

目的用生物芯片技术分析胚胎干细胞定向分化为神经干细胞过程中microRNA(miRNA)的表达变化,筛选调控的分化的miRNA,研究分化调控机制。方法胚胎干细胞在含LIF培养基中培养3d后,采用经典5步培养方法定向诱导向神经干细胞分化,采用nestin作为神经干细胞标记进行鉴定,送检胚胎干细胞及神经干细胞,提取总RNA以及小分子RNA,经荧光标记后与miRNA基因芯片杂交,获得胚胎干细胞诱导前后miRNA表达谱。结果1)胚胎干细胞在含LIF培养过程中保持未分化状态,Oct-4、碱性磷酸酶表达阳性;2)经典五步法诱导胚胎干细胞定向分化为神经干细胞,nestin阳性细胞为85%;3)通过基因微阵列分析,有90个miRNA的改变显著,其中68个表达上调,22个表达下调。结论miRNA可能对胚胎干细胞定向分化为神经干细胞过程起到关键作用。     

Diminished G1 checkpoint after gamma-irradiation and altered cell cycle regulation by insulin-like growth factor II overexpression

High levels of insulin-like growth factor II (IGFII) mRNA expression are detected in many human tumors of different origins including rhabdomyosarcoma, a tumor of skeletal muscle origin. To investigate the role of IGFII in tumorigenesis, we have compared the mouse myoblast cell line C2C12-2.7, which was stably transfected with human IGFII cDNA and expressed high and constant amounts of IGFII, to a control cell line C2C12-1.1. A rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, RH30, which expresses high levels of IGFII and contains mutated p53, was also used in these studies. IGFII overexpression in mouse myoblast C2C12 cells causes a reduced cycling time and higher growth rate. After gamma-irradiation treatment, C2C12-1.1 cells were arrested mainly in G0/G1 phase. However, C2C12-2.7 and RH30 cells went through a very short G1 phase and then were arrested in an extended G2/M phase. To verify further the effect of IGFII on the cell cycle, we developed a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line with tetracycline-controlled IGFII expression. We found that CHO cells with high expression of IGFII have a shortened cycling time and a diminished G1 checkpoint after treatment with methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), a DNA base-damaging agent, when compared with CHO cells with very low IGFII expression. It was also found that IGFII overexpression in C2C12 cells was associated with increases in cyclin D1, p21, and p53 protein levels, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. These studies suggest that IGFII overexpression shortens cell cycling time and diminishes the G1 checkpoint after DNA damage despite an intact p53/p21 induction. In addition, IGFII overexpression is also associated with multiple changes in the levels and activities of cell cycle regulatory components following gamma-irradiation. Taken together, these changes may contribute to the high growth rate and genetic alterations that occur during tumorigenesis.     

Temporal-spatial distribution,environmental significance and release risks of phosphorus in the sediments of a tropical mountain’s deep drinking water reservoir in southeastern China

In this study, the fractionation and distribution of phosphorus (P) in the core sediments of the Shanmei reservoir were investigated by using the chemical extraction method in directions for the first time in order to understand its bio-availability, adsorption characteristics, potential release and environmental significance. The results of the study showed that P in the sediments mainly consisted of inorganic phosphorus (IP) and that IP mainly consisted of non-apatite phosphorus (NAIP). The horizontal and temporal distributions of the P fractions were different from each other, but the vertical distribution was similar, which indicated a trend of stabilization after falling. The content of total phosphorus (TP), IP, organic phosphorus (OP), NAIP, apatite phosphorus (AP), and bio-available phosphorus (BAP) in the sediments during the three seasons ranged from 193.85 to 1664.05 mg·kg^?1, 126.90 to 1127.70 mg·kg^?1, 43.74 to 669.29 mg·kg^?1, 57.62 to 937.07 mg·kg^?1, 32.58 to 250.71 mg·kg^?1, and 41.06 to 871.82 mg·kg^?1, respectively. NAIP contents in the sediments accounted for more than 50% of TP. Using an analysis from three aspects, the eutrophication risk index (ERI) could be used to assess the potential release of P in the sediments, and there was a high release risk of P in the sediments in the Shanmei reservoir.