Duplications of the X chromosome in males: evidence that most parts of the X chromosome can be active in two copies

Summary We have analysed two duplications of the X chromosome in male patients using chromosome replication and DNA methylation patterns as determinants of the functional status of the duplicated segments. In both cases, the large duplicated regions, Xq12-q22 and Xq26.3-qter, were not inactivated. A review of previously reported male cases revealed that these duplications were also not subject to inactivation. Taken together, the examined duplications cover almost the entire X chromosome except the pericentromeric region and Xq25–26. Thus, most regions of the X chromosome can be present in two functional copies without lethal consequences.     

豚鼠冰水游泳应激后血浆、肾上腺髓质和脑内组织的亮—脑啡肽含量变化

豚鼠冰水游泳应激3min后,用放射免疫法测定血浆、肾上腺髓质和脑内三个脑区组织的亮—脑啡肽(Leu-enkephalin,LEK,)含量和血浆的血管紧张肽Ⅱ(Angiotensin Ⅱ,ATⅡ)浓度变化。结果表明:在冰水中游泳应激组豚鼠的血浆、肾上腺髓质、下丘脑和纹状体组织的LEK含量和血浆的ATⅡ浓度,均较对照组豚鼠明显升高(P值均<0.01)。提示:豚鼠在冰水中紧张、剧烈游泳后,可能激活了中枢神经和周围组织内的脑啡肽能神经元和血管紧张肽原酶—血管紧张肽Ⅱ系统,从而促进LEK和ATⅡ的释放增加。     

一种新病毒——兔出血症病毒的鉴定初报

从我国新发生的一种家兔急性败血性传染病死兔内脏抽提物中,观察到典型的病毒粒子,回归兔可引起典型发病,再从病死兔内脏回收到同样病毒,证明该病系病毒性传染病,暂定名为“兔病毒性出血症”,病原暂定为“兔出血症病毒”。经初步鉴定,认为本病毒可能是一种首次发现的新病毒,属双股RNA病毒。但从病毒大小和核酸节段看,又不同于呼肠病毒科。最终归属正在进一步研究。     

百日咳杆菌去内毒素及保护性抗原的纯化

内毒素(Endotoxin,简称ET)是百日咳全菌苗(Bordetellapertussis vaccine)产生副作用的主要毒素之一,且不易除去。现有的分离方法,如蔗糖密度梯度离心法,较繁琐,成本高。本文采用Sepha-cryl S-300凝胶层折法可以简便有效的去除大部分内毒素。初步毒素试验结果表明:已达到日本生物制品规格的要求。两种保护性抗原FHA和LPF-HA也得到进一步分离纯化,为今后研制高效的百日咳组分菌苗提供了实验条件。     

Effect of lysosomotropic amines on the secretory pathway and on the recycling of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in human hepatoma cells

We studied the intracellular transport of secretory and membrane proteins in the human hepatoma cell line HepG-2 infected with vesicular stomatitis virus. Cells were pulse-labeled in the presence of [35S]methionine and chased in the presence of the lysosomotropic agent primaquine. At a concentration of 0.3 mM primaquine effectively inhibited the secretion of albumin and, to a lesser extent, that of orosomucoid and transferrin. The drug also prevented the budding of virus particles at the cell surface. The intracellular transport to the Golgi complex of the membrane protein VSV-G was not affected by primaquine as it acquires resistance to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H at the same rate as in control cells. Addition of primaquine at various times after the initiation of the chase period indicates that the effect of primaquine occurs just before secretion. In confirmation of the biochemical data, immunocytochemical localization of albumin in cells treated with NH4Cl demonstrated that albumin accumulated in vesicles at the trans side of the Golgi complex. The effect of primaquine on secretion was also compared with its effect on receptor recycling. The dose-response characteristics of the effect of primaquine on receptor recycling are identical to those of the effects on protein secretion and virus budding. These results indicate that both processes involve the same transport mechanism, and/or that they occur via at least one identical intracellular compartment.     

The influence of dolichol, dolichol esters, and dolichyl phosphate on phospholipid polymorphism and fluidity in model membranes

The effect of dolichols, polyprenols, dolichol esterified with fatty acids, and dolichyl phosphate on the structure and fluidity of model membranes was studied using 31P NMR, small-angle x-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. These studies suggest that dolichol and dolichol derivatives destabilize unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamine containing bilayer structures and promote hexagonal II phase formation; high concentrations of dolichol induce lipid structures characterized by "isotropic" 31P NMR and particulate fracture faces; dolichol, contrary to cholesterol, has no effect on the thermotropic behavior of membranes consisting of phosphatidylcholine, while dolichyl-P incorporation abolishes the transition from the gel to liquid crystalline phase in 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; both dolichol and dolichyl-P increase the fatty acid fluidity in phosphatidylethanolamine mixtures; the effect of dolichol on bilayer structure and fluidity is more pronounced with increasing number of isoprene residues; dolichol esters are only soluble to a limited extent in the bilayer and segregates into domains at low concentrations; the results are consistent with a localization of dolichyl-P in which the phosphate group is oriented to the water interphase. The induction of hexagonal II phase by dolichyl-P may elicit the transmembrane movement of glycosylated lipid intermediate.     

小麦×大麦胚胎发育的研究——Ⅲ.小麦×大麦胎胚发育过程中淀粉的积累和动态

我们观察了小麦与大麦杂交胚胎发育过程中,雌蕊各个组成部分发生的淀粉积累和转移的动态。结果如下: 1.胚乳和杂种胚早期发育过程中,子房壁和胚囊中淀粉的积累和动态的趋势与其他学者所作小麦自交的情况基本相同。2.当胚乳细胞充满胚囊而胚没有分化时,子房壁中的淀粉已极少,当胚乳解体时,子房壁中淀粉已几乎消失。可见,子房壁中淀粉的迅速消失与胚乳的迅速败育是平行的。3.胚囊发育的停滞与败育跟子房壁组织中淀粉的积累及对胚囊营养的正常供应有密切关系。4.花柱、珠被、珠心组织及胚囊中的助细胞和反足细胞,在整个杂种胚和胚乳发育过程中,始终不存在淀粉粒。助细胞胚亦和助细胞一样,无淀粉粒的存在。     

昆明呈贡龙潭山第2地点的人化石和旧石器

在对呈贡县大渔区龙潭山第2地点的试掘中发现一枚人的下臼齿,它在形态上与现代人的不同,与北京猿人的也有所差别。它带有早期智人下第二乳臼齿的一些形态特征。一起发现的石制品中有石核、石片、砍砸器和刮削器。时代为晚更新世,距今30,500±800年。     

柱孢鱼腥藻的铁蛋白与棕色固氮菌的钼铁蛋白的交叉互补作用

纯化的柱孢鱼腥藻铁蛋白能够与棕色固氮菌的钼铁蛋白有效地交叉反应,展现较高的活性。此异源交叉反应的乙炔还原比活及放氢比活,分别是蓝藻同源互补比活的83.8及66.7％。比较藻铁蛋白与菌钼铁蛋白异源交叉反应及藻固氮酶组分之间的同源反应的动力学特点时发现,铁蛋白对钼铁蛋白的最佳克分子比数前者(异源交叉反应)较后者(藻同源反应)为高,前者为5,后者为1;但反应的时间进程两者差别不大。