华北平原参考作物蒸散量变化特征及气候影响因素

参考作物蒸散量是估算作物需水量的关键因子,对指导农田灌溉是有十分重要的现实意义。在气候变化的背景下,利用Penman-Monteith方法,计算华北平原典型站点1961 2007年逐日参考作物蒸散量,并从能量平衡和动力学角度对其分解,分析年际变化和季节变化特征;结合数理统计方法,研究影响参考作物蒸散量及其构成项变化的主次气候因子,为该区农田水分管理提供更有效的科学指导。研究结果表明:在华北平原全区温度显著上升、日照时数,相对湿度,平均风速呈显著下降的背景下,绝大部分站点参考作物蒸散量及构成项呈显著下降趋势。夏季的参考作物蒸散量和辐射项值相对最高,冬季值最低;春季的空气动力学项值相对比例最高。辐射项与空气动力学项年际间呈负相关关系,春夏两季之间呈不显著正相关趋势,秋冬两季呈不显著负相关趋势。辐射项的变化主要受日照时数、风速及温度的影响,其中风速的贡献是负效应;空气动力学项的变化主要受风速、相对湿度及平均温度的影响,相对湿度的贡献是负效应。参考作物蒸散量的变化主要受日照时数、相对湿度、温度日较差和风速的综合影响。此外,降水与其呈显著负相关关系,下降幅度略高于参考作物蒸散量的变化幅度。     

An overview of the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus

Since the first human case of H5N1 avian influenza virus infection was reported in 1997, this highly pathogenic virus has infected hundreds of people around the world and resulted in many deaths. The ability of H5N1 to cross species boundaries, and the presence of polymorphisms that enhance virulence, present challenges to developing clear strategies to prevent the pandemic spread of this highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. This review summarizes the current understanding of, and recent research on, the avian influenza H5N1 virus, including transmission, virulence, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, treatment and prevention.     

TSG101 promotes the proliferation,migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by regulating the PEG10

The tumour susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) is reported to play important roles in the development and progression of several human cancers. However, its potential roles and underlined mechanisms in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still needed to be further clarified. In the present study, we reported that knock down of TSG101 suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells, while overexpression of TSG101 facilitated them. Molecularly, the results revealed that knock down of TSG101 significantly decreased the cell cycle related regulatory factor p53 and p21. In another point, knock down of TSG101 also obviously decreased the level of metallopeptidase inhibitor TIMP1 (Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1), which results in inhibition of MMP2, MMP7 and MMP9. In contrast, overexpression of TSG101 had opposite effects. The iTRAQ proteomics analysis identified that oncogenic protein PEG10 (Paternally expressed gene 10) might be a potential downstream target of TSG101. Further investigation showed that TSG101 interacted with PEG10 and protected it from proteasomal degradation thereby regulating the expression of p53, p21 and MMPs. Finally, we found that both TSG101 and PEG10 proteins are up‐regulated and presented a direct correlation in HCC patients. In conclusion, these results suggest that TSG101 is up‐regulated in human HCC patients, which may accelerate the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells through regulating PEG10.     

Is the removal of aboveground shrub biomass an effective technique to restore a shrub‐encroached grassland?

Encroachment of woody plants into grasslands is a global phenomenon that has substantial impacts on pastoral productivity and ecosystem services. Over the past half century, pastoralists and land management agencies have explored various options to control woody plants in order to improve ecosystem services in shrub‐encroached grasslands. We examined the effectiveness of controlling the encroachment of the shrub Caragana microphylla into grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. We cut and removed all of the aboveground biomass from 450 shrubs, predicting that the effectiveness of this technique to control shrubs would depend on shrub morphology. Specifically, we expected that larger shrubs with more biomass would be more difficult to kill by cutting than smaller shrubs. A year after treatment, we found that cutting killed only 11% of the 450 treated shrubs, and of these, three‐quarters of the locations that they occupied reverted to grasses and one‐quarter to bare soil. Shrubs that survived the cutting treatment produced more stems and leaf biomass, and therefore had a greater leaf to stem ratio. Shrubs that died after cutting had a lower crown area and basal area, and less stem biomass than shrubs that resprouted within 12 months of cutting. There were no effects of shrub height on the fate of treated shrubs. Cutting had no effect on understory plant cover or richness, but reproductive plants were taller under shrubs that were not cut. Overall, our study showed that removing aboveground shrub biomass by cutting is an ineffective technique for “restoring” the original grassland community unless shrubs are very small. Strategic targeting of small shrubs would be a more effective technique for controlling the spread of C. microphylla in the long term.     

Elevated GAPDH expression is associated with the proliferation and invasion of lung and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas

Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, is one of the most investigated housekeeping genes and widely used as an internal control in analysis of gene expression levels. The present study was designed to assess whether GAPDH is associated with cancer cell growth and progression and, therefore may not be a good internal control in cancer research. Our results from clinical tissue studies showed that the levels of GAPDH protein were significantly up‐regulated in lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues, compared with the adjacent normal lung tissues, and this was confirmed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. GAPDH knockdown by siRNA resulted in significant reductions in proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung squamous carcinoma cells in vitro. In a nude mouse cancer xenograft model, GAPDH knockdown significantly inhibited the cell proliferation and migration/invasion in vivo. In summary, GAPDH may not be an appropriate internal control for gene expression studies, especially in cancer research. The role of GAPDH in cancer development and progression should be further examined in pre‐clinical and clinical studies.     

用差异显示PCR法筛选与血管外膜细胞表型转化相关的基因

为筛选血管外膜成纤维细胞（adventitial fibroblast,AF）与肌成纤维细胞（myofibroblast,MF）间表型转化有关的基因,实验建立了大鼠胸主动脉AF和MF两种细胞模型,用差异显示聚合酶链反应（DD－PCR）技术获得表达差异片段,对差异片段进行克隆和测序分析,并用定量PCR和Northern blot对差别显示结果进行验证。用反义核酸转染技术观察骨桥蛋白（osteopontin,OPN）对AF迁移的影响。结果表明,两种表型细胞存在明显的基因表达差异,其中一个在MF下调的差异片段与GenBank中NADH脱氢酶亚单位5（NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5,Nd5）基因高度同源。另一个在MF上调的差异片段与OPN基因同源。上述差异表达结果被定量PCR及Northern blot证实。此外还有4个表达序列标志（expressed sequence-tag,EST）在GenBank中未查到同源序列。反义OPN寡脱氧核甘酸可抑制AF的迁移活动。结果提示,AF转化为MF可能与ND5基因下调、OPN上调及其它未知基因的表达改变有关。应用反义技术适度抑制OPN表达在防治血管重塑中具有重要作用。     

Development of thermodynamic optimum searching (TOS) to improve the prediction accuracy of flux balance analysis

Flux balance analysis (FBA) has been widely used in calculating steady‐state flux distributions that provide important information for metabolic engineering. Several thermodynamics‐based methods, for example, quantitative assignment of reaction directionality and energy balance analysis have been developed to improve the prediction accuracy of FBA. However, these methods can only generate a thermodynamically feasible range, rather than the most thermodynamically favorable solution. We therefore developed a novel optimization method termed as thermodynamic optimum searching (TOS) to calculate the thermodynamically optimal solution, based on the second law of thermodynamics, the minimum magnitude of the Gibbs free energy change and the maximum entropy production principle (MEPP). Then, TOS was applied to five physiological conditions of Escherichia coli to evaluate its effectiveness. The resulting prediction accuracy was found significantly improved (10.7–48.5%) by comparing with the ¹³C‐fluxome data, indicating that TOS can be considered an advanced calculation and prediction tool in metabolic engineering. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 914–923. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

根癌农杆菌介导AtNHX1基因转化番茄的研究

构建AtNHX1基因植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法将其转入番茄。探讨了外植体类型、农杆菌菌株和不同筛选标记对芽诱导分化的影响。对抗性植株进行PCR检测,获得15株转基因植株。对转基因番茄T1代进行80mmol/LNaHCO胁迫处理,转基因植株的相对生长量高于对照植株,显示AtNHX1基因的导入提高了番茄对碱性盐的耐受性。     

反刍兽月形单胞菌β-木糖苷酶基因在毕赤酵母中的高效表达及酶学性质

β-木糖苷酶(β-xylosidase,酶编号EC 3.2.1.37)是木聚糖降解酶系中的重要组成部分。本研究以毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris GS115为宿主菌尝试表达反刍兽月形单胞菌Selenomonas ruminantium中的β-木糖苷酶基因Sxa。根据毕赤酵母对密码子的偏爱性、mRNA二级结构、GC含量和稀有密码子,对Sxa基因进行优化;通过基因合成技术获得了全长基因mSxa并构建重组酵母表达载体pPIC9K-mSxa;以BglⅡ酶切重组载体pPIC9K-mSxa,电击转化将m Sxa基因导入毕赤酵母GS115中,获得的转化子经过表型和遗传霉素G418抗性筛选、PCR鉴定,得到表达β-木糖苷酶基因的工程菌GS115-pPIC9K-mSxa;通过活性测定获得高效表达β-木糖苷酶的重组酵母,并对重组β-木糖苷酶的酶学性质进行了初步研究。结果表明,重组β-木糖苷酶的分子量约为66 kDa。在发酵罐水平表达的酶活性达到了287.61 IU/mL。对酶学性质研究显示,该酶在温度为40-60℃,pH为5.0-7.0时较稳定,其最适反应温度和pH分别为55℃和6.0,专一性地作用于β-木糖苷键。Mn~(2+)和Ca~(2+)对该酶具有激活作用,而Fe~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、EDTA及SDS抑制其酶活性。本研究首次将反刍兽月形单胞菌的β-木糖苷酶基因转化到毕赤酵母中获得表达,并具有较高活性,为进一步工业化应用奠定了基础。     

伴刀豆球蛋白A和层粘连蛋白与膜受体结合下膜分子运动及微丝组装变化的比较

研究伴刀豆球蛋白A和层粘连蛋白分别与小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞膜受体结合下引起细胞膜分子运动的变化和对微丝组装的影响.结果表明,伴刀豆球蛋白A和层粘连蛋白作用下均导致膜表面蛋白分子的侧向扩散速率减慢,膜脂流动性降低,加快膜内微丝组装并使微丝含量增加.两配体作用下引起细胞上述反应有相似性.