Reverse spillover of SARS-CoV-2 from human to wild animals

<正>The heavily transmitted and mutated SARS-CoV-2 has constitutes a sustained threat to global health. A recent article published in Nature, firstly provided solid evidence confirming the cross-species transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) from human to free-ranging white-tailed deer(Hale et al., 2022).More importantly, circulation of SARS-CoV-2 among deer rapidly resulted into new phylogenetic clades of deer-only viruses which were believed linkin...     

基于遥感和GIS的川西绿被时空变化研究

探索出了利用多时相MODIS数据分析绿被时空变化的技术方法,揭示出了川西2002—2008年间绿被的变化特征。建立了绿被提取模型。用其从2002—2008年的多期MODIS影像中提取出川西多期绿被数据。其次,利用GIS技术对2002—2008年间绿被变化,及其与温度、降雨的关系等进行了分析。研究表明:2002年绿被天数在195 d以上的区域有43.3%。终年无绿被的区域有4.3%。西北部植被生长日数短,而东南部生长日数长。2002—2008年间,春季绿被面积变幅最大,秋季最小。最大绿被面积出现在2006年的夏季,最小绿被面积出现在2005年的冬季。平均夏冬绿被面积差占区域面积46.7%。在季节上,绿被面积与温度和降雨量均在0.01的水平上呈显著正相关关系,其相关系数分别为0.82和0.84。该研究成果对植被生长潜力挖掘、农牧生产和生态建设决策等均有重要意义。     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒在CIK细胞中复制及形态发生的研究

以草鱼呼肠孤病毒（ＧＣＲＶ）感染的草鱼肾细胞系（ＣＩＫ）为模型,进行了草鱼呼肠孤病毒在细胞内的形态发生的研究。当病毒以感染复数为５￣１０ＰＦＵ／ＣＥＬＬ感染ＣＩＫ细胞时,在病毒感染细胞４ｈ以内的切片中,可观察到脱去部分外层衣壳的不完整病毒颗粒。感染细胞８ｈ,可观察到浆胞内病毒发生基质,其内含有大量的直径约５０ｎｍ的亚病毒颗粒,无外层蛋白结构。感染１２￣１６ｈ后,这些亚病毒颗粒装配上外层蛋白结构,形     

Molecular characterization of avian-like H1N1 swine influenza a viruses isolated in Eastern China, 2011

Currently, three predominant subtypes of influenza virus are prevalent in pig populations worldwide: H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2. European avian-like H1N1 viruses, which were initially detected in European pig populations in 1979, have been circulating in pigs in eastern China since 2007. In this study, six influenza A viruses were isolated from 60 swine lung samples collected from January to April 2011 in eastern China. Based on whole genome sequencing, molecular characteristics of two isolates were determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed the eight genes of the two isolates were closely related to those of the avian-like H1N1 viruses circulating in pig populations, especially similar to those found in China. Four potential glycosylation sites were observed at positions 13, 26, 198, 277 in the HA1 proteins of the two isolates. Due to the presence of a stop codon at codon 12, the isolates contained truncated PB1-F2 proteins. In this study, the isolates contained 591Q, 627E and 701N in the polymerase subunit PB2, which had been shown to be determinants of virulence and host adaptation. The isolates also had a D rather than E at position 92 of the NS1, a marker of mammalian adaptation. Both isolates contained the GPKV motif at the PDZ ligand domain of the 3′ end of the NS1, a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1999, which is distinct from those of avian, human and classical swine viruses. The M2 proteins of the isolates have the mutation (S31N), a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1987, which may confer resistance to amantadine and rimantadine antivirals. Our findings further emphasize the importance of surveillance on the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses in pigs, and raise more concerns about the occurrence of cross-species transmission events.     

马铃薯StPSKRs基因的克隆及其亚细胞定位分析

该研究采用同源克隆与PCR扩增方法,从马铃薯品种‘Desiree’中克隆植物磺肽素受体基因StPSKR1和StPSKR2的全长cDNA,并对其进行生物信息学分析及亚细胞定位分析,为深入研究StPSKR1和StPSKR2基因在马铃薯生长发育和生物胁迫中的作用提供理论依据。结果发现:(1)通过同源克隆与PCR扩增获得StPSKR1和StPSKR2的全长cDNA片段,并将其克隆到pGWB5-GFP载体;测序结果显示这2个基因编码的蛋白质与数据库给定的蛋白质序列保持一致,表明成功克隆到StPSKR1和StPSKR2基因。(2)StPSKR1位于马铃薯1号染色体上,cDNA全长3 042 bp,编码1 013个氨基酸,预测蛋白相对分子质量为112.16 kD,理论等电点6.27;StPSKR2位于7号染色体,cDNA全长3 135 bp,编码1 044个氨基酸,相对分子量为114.99 kD,理论等电点6.19。(3)生物信息学分析显示,StPSKR1和StPSKR2都属于跨膜蛋白。(4)亚细胞定位结果显示,StPSKR1和StPSKR2均定位于细胞膜上。     

Secretory delivery of heterologous proteins in attenuated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vibrio anguillarum</Emphasis> for potential use in vaccine design

To synthesize and secrete heterologous proteins in an attenuated Vibrio anguillarum strain for potential multivalent live vaccine development, different antigen-delivery systems based on bacterial-originated secretion signal peptides (SPs) were designed and identified in this work. Four SPs were derived from hemolysin of Escherichia coli, RTX protein of V. cholerae, hemolysin of V. anguillarum, zinc-metalloprotease of V. anguillarum, respectively, and their abilities to support secretion of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in an attenuated V. anguillarum strain MVAV6203 were assayed. Immunodetection of GFP showed that the capability of the tested signal leaders to direct secretion of GFP varied greatly. Although all the four signal peptide-fused GFPs could be expressed correctly and trapped intracellularly in recombinant strains, only the EmpA signal peptide could confer efficient secretion to GFP. For the investigation of its potential application in live bacteria carrier vaccines, a heterologous protein EseB of Edwardsiella tarda was fused to the SP(empA) antigen-delivery system and introduced into the strain MVAV6203. Further analysis of EseB demonstrated that the constructed SP(empA) antigen-delivery system could be used to secrete foreign protein in attenuated V. anguillarum and be available for carrier vaccines development.     

Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone protects retinal pigment epithelium cells from oxidative stress through activation of melanocortin 1 receptor–Akt–mTOR signaling

Patients with age related macular degeneration (AMD) will develop vision loss in the center of the visual field. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell apoptosis is an important contributor of AMD. In this study, we explored the pro-survival effect of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) on oxidative stressed RPE cells. We found that α-MSH receptor melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) was functionally expressed in primary and transformed RPE cells. RPE cells were response to α-MSH stimulation. α-MSH activated Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Erk1/2 signalings in RPE cells, which were inhibited by MC1R siRNA knockdown. α-MSH protected RPE cells from hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced apoptosis, an effect that was almost abolished when MC1R was depleted by siRNA. α-MSH-mediated S6K1 activation and pro-survival effect against H₂O₂ was inhibited by Akt inhibitors (perifosine, MK-2206 and LY294002). Further, mTOR inhibition by rapamycin, or by mTOR siRNA knockdown, diminished α-MSH’s pro-survival effect in RPE cells. Thus, Akt and its downstream mTOR signaling mediates α-MSH-induced survival in RPE cells. In summary, we have identified a new α-MSH–MC1R physiologic pathway that reduces H₂O₂-induced RPE cell damage, and might minimize the risk of developing AMD.     

Phylogenetic analysis of Nosema antheraeae (Microsporidia) isolated from Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi

The microsporidian Nosema antheraeae is a pathogen that infects the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi. We sequenced the complete small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of N. antheraeae, and compared the SSU rRNA sequences in other microsporidia. The results indicated that Nosema species, including N. antheraeae, formed two distinct clades, consistent with previous observations. Furthermore, N. antheraeae is clustered with N. bombycis with high bootstrap support. The organization of the rRNA gene of N. antheraeae is LSU-ITS1-SSU-ITS2-5S, also following a pattern similar to the Nosema type species, N. bombycis. Thus, N. antheraeae is a Nosema species and has a close relationship to N. bombycis.     

重金属镉、锌在菹草叶细胞中的超微定位观察

水环境污染中十分突出的是重金属的污染 ,主要来源为流入物、渗漏和大气沉降 (Ｌａｒｃｈｅｒ ,1995 )。由于重金属污染物不但不能被微生物所分解 ,而且能在生物体内富集 ,并通过水生食物链的生物放大作用而对高营养级的生物甚至人类造成危害 ,因此日益引起人们的特别关注。许多研究从超微结构损伤和生理生化的角度研究了重金属对植物的毒害机制。施国新等 (2 0 0 0 )观察了重金属汞、镉污染对水生植物黑藻叶细胞的超微结构损伤。彭鸣等 (1991)研究了重金属镉、铅诱导的玉米超微结构的变化。李荣春 (2 0 0 0 )研究了Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ及其复合污染…