Landscape genetic structure of Scirpus mariqueter reveals a putatively adaptive differentiation under strong gene flow in estuaries

Estuarine organisms grow in highly heterogeneous habitats, and their genetic differentiation is driven by selective and neutral processes as well as population colonization history. However, the relative importance of the processes that underlie genetic structure is still puzzling. Scirpus mariqueter is a perennial grass almost limited in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent Qiantang River estuary. Here, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), a moderate‐high level of genetic differentiation among populations (range F_ST: 0.0310–0.3325) was showed despite large ongoing dispersal. FLOCK assigned all individuals to 13 clusters and revealed a complex genetic structure. Some genetic clusters were limited in peripheries compared with very mixing constitution in center populations, suggesting local adaptation was more likely to occur in peripheral populations. 21 candidate outliers under positive selection were detected, and further, the differentiation patterns correlated with geographic distance, salinity difference, and colonization history were analyzed with or without the outliers. Combined results of AMOVA and IBD based on different dataset, it was found that the effects of geographic distance and population colonization history on isolation seemed to be promoted by divergent selection. However, none‐liner IBE pattern indicates the effects of salinity were overwhelmed by spatial distance or other ecological processes in certain areas and also suggests that salinity was not the only selective factor driving population differentiation. These results together indicate that geographic distance, salinity difference, and colonization history co‐contributed in shaping the genetic structure of S. mariqueter and that their relative importance was correlated with spatial scale and environment gradient.     

1,25二羟维生素D3对哮喘大鼠气道重塑及纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1的影响

目的观察1,25二羟维生素D3（VD）对哮喘大鼠气道重塑及其肺组织中纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1（PAI-1）表达和血浆中PAI-1含量的影响。方法 30只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、哮喘组、VD干预组,每组各10只。卵蛋白致敏和激发复制慢性哮喘模型。VD干预组每次激发前给予VD干预。用免疫组化检测肺组织PAI-1的表达,酶联免疫法测血浆中PAI-1含量,采用图像分析进行图像分析。结果 （1）哮喘组支气管管壁厚度较对照组和VD干预组显著增加（P〈0.01）。（2）哮喘组PAI-1在大鼠肺组织的表达程度较对照组和VD干预组显著增加（P〈0.01）。（3）哮喘大鼠血浆中PAI-1含量较对照组和VD干预组明显增加（P〈0.01）。（4）直线相关性分析显示,哮喘组支气管管壁厚度与大鼠肺组织中PAI-1表达水平呈正相关（r=0.822,P〈0.01）;哮喘组支气管管壁厚度与大鼠血浆中PAI-1含量呈正相关（r=0.942,P〈0.01）。结论 1,25二羟维生素D3干预可明显减轻慢性哮喘气道重塑的病理改变,并可通过部分抑制PAI-1的表达来延缓气道重塑。     

珠穆朗玛峰国家自然保护区蕨类植物区系研究

在野外实地调查和室内标本整理以及查阅文献的基础上,对珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区蕨类植物区系进行研究,为探讨喜马拉雅植物区系的起源以及该区生物多样性的保护提供资料。结果表明:(1)珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区共有蕨类植物193种,隶属于31科59属,其中优势科为鳞毛蕨科(51种)、水龙骨科(41种)、蹄盖蕨科(22种)、铁角蕨科(10种),优势属为耳蕨属(27种)、鳞毛蕨属(20种)、瓦韦属(17种)。(2)科的分布区类型有8种,以泛热带分布型(55.56%)为主;属的分布区类型有14种,以泛热带分布型(23.81%)、中国-喜马拉雅分布型(19.05%)为主;蕨类植物以土生(55.88%)为主,石生(24.35%)和附生(21.76%)也占有一定比例,缺乏水生蕨类。(3)珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区蕨类植物区系成分与南迦巴瓦峰地区联系最为密切,其次为横断山地区和尼泊尔,与九塞沟自然保护区、秦岭地区有一定的联系,与西双版纳地区的关系较为疏远。     

川楝内生放线菌的分离及多样性研究

【目的】分离四川省各个地区川楝内生放线菌并研究其物种多样性。【方法】应用7种选择性分离培养基分离样品根、茎、叶、树皮和果实中的内生放线菌,采用16SrRNA基因RFLP分析代表菌株多样性。【结果】研究共获得403株内生放线菌。不同地点、不同植株部位、不同培养基分离得到的内生放线菌数目均有差异。广元采集的样品分离得到的数目最多,为86株;最少的是绵阳,仅有12株。从植物表皮中分离到148株放线菌,占获得菌株总数的36.7%;而从果中分离到31株,仅占获得菌株总数的7.6%;虽然从根部分离到的数量也很少,但是其出菌率却是最高的。5号和3号培养基的分离效果最为理想。16S rRNA基因RFLP分析结果显示所有供试菌株在68%的相似性上聚在一起,在84%的相似水平上分成了10个遗传类型。代表菌株的16SrRNA基因序列测定及系统发育分析结果表明:分离得到的放线菌包括4个属,分别是链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、北里孢菌属(Kitasatospora)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、克里布所菌属(Kribbella)。其中,链霉菌是优势类群,占代表菌株数目的比例高达91%,而稀有放线菌的比例只有9%。【结论】研究发现的川楝内生放线菌主要属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、北里孢菌属(Kitasatospora)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、克里布所菌属(Kribbella)。     

Reconstruction and In Silico Analysis of Metabolic Network for an Oleaginous Yeast,Yarrowia lipolytica

With the emergence of energy scarcity, the use of renewable energy sources such as biodiesel is becoming increasingly necessary. Recently, many researchers have focused their minds on Yarrowia lipolytica, a model oleaginous yeast, which can be employed to accumulate large amounts of lipids that could be further converted to biodiesel. In order to understand the metabolic characteristics of Y. lipolytica at a systems level and to examine the potential for enhanced lipid production, a genome-scale compartmentalized metabolic network was reconstructed based on a combination of genome annotation and the detailed biochemical knowledge from multiple databases such as KEGG, ENZYME and BIGG. The information about protein and reaction associations of all the organisms in KEGG and Expasy-ENZYME database was arranged into an EXCEL file that can then be regarded as a new useful database to generate other reconstructions. The generated model iYL619_PCP accounts for 619 genes, 843 metabolites and 1,142 reactions including 236 transport reactions, 125 exchange reactions and 13 spontaneous reactions. The in silico model successfully predicted the minimal media and the growing abilities on different substrates. With flux balance analysis, single gene knockouts were also simulated to predict the essential genes and partially essential genes. In addition, flux variability analysis was applied to design new mutant strains that will redirect fluxes through the network and may enhance the production of lipid. This genome-scale metabolic model of Y. lipolytica can facilitate system-level metabolic analysis as well as strain development for improving the production of biodiesels and other valuable products by Y. lipolytica and other closely related oleaginous yeasts.     

长白落叶松冠层光合作用的空间异质性

以2014年黑龙江省帽儿山林场14年生人工长白落叶松为研究对象,对比分析了各项光合指标、环境因子及光合生理参数在冠层内的空间差异性,并探讨了净光合速率(P_n)与其他指标的关系.结果表明: 在树冠垂直方向,上层P_n、气孔导度(g_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)显著高于中层和下层,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)表现为下层>中层>上层;光合有效辐射(PAR)从上层外部到下层内部呈显著降低趋势,水汽压差(VPD)和叶片温度(T_l)表现为上层显著高于中层和下层,相对湿度(RH)则无显著差异;最大净光合速率(P_{n max})、暗呼吸速率(R_d)、光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)均表现为上层>中层>下层,下层比上层分别降低32.7%、55.8%、80.2%和51.6%,表观量子效率(AQY)表现为下层>中层>上层,下层分别是中层和上层的1.2和1.3倍.水平方向,光合指标和环境因子的差异性主要体现在树冠上层,P_n、g_s、T_r、PAR和VPD表现为树冠外部显著高于树冠内部,而C_i和RH差异不显著;P_{n max}、R_d、LCP和LSP表现为外部>内部,内部比外部分别降低0.4%、37.7%、42.0%和16.4%,而AQY在内部比外部高0.7%.C_i是限制P_n的主要生理因子,PAR是影响P_n的主要环境因子,尤其在弱光区域PAR对P_n的影响十分明显.因此,在模拟和预估树木冠层光合作用时,考虑空间异质性有一定的必要性.     

Cholesterol modulates function of connexin 43 gap junction channel via PKC pathway in H9c2 cells

It has been shown that cholesterol modulates activity of protein kinase C (PKC), and PKC phosphorylates connexin 43 (Cx43) to regulate its function, respectively. However, it is not known whether cholesterol modulates function of Cx43 through regulating activity of PKC. In the present study, we demonstrated that cholesterol enrichment reduced the dye transfer ability of Cx43 in cultured H9c2 cells. Western blot analysis indicated that cholesterol enrichment enhanced the phosphorylated state of Cx43. Immunofluorescent images showed that cholesterol enrichment made the Cx43 distribution from condensed to diffused manner in the interface between the cells. In cholesterol enriched cells, PKC antagonists partially restored the dye transfer ability among the cells, downregulated the phosphorylation of Cx43 and redistributed Cx43 from the diffused manner to the condensed manner in the cell interface. In addition, reduction of cholesterol level suppressed PKC activity to phosphorylate Cx43 and restored Cx43 function in PKC agonist-treated cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that cholesterol enrichment upregulated the phosphorylated state of Cx43 at Ser368, while PKC antagonists reversed the effect. Taken together, cholesterol level in the cells plays important roles in regulating Cx43 function through activation of the PKC signaling pathway.     

A phylo-functional core of gut microbiota in healthy young Chinese cohorts across lifestyles,geography and ethnicities

Structural profiling of healthy human gut microbiota across heterogeneous populations is necessary for benchmarking and characterizing the potential ecosystem services provided by particular gut symbionts for maintaining the health of their hosts. Here we performed a large structural survey of fecal microbiota in 314 healthy young adults, covering 20 rural and urban cohorts from 7 ethnic groups living in 9 provinces throughout China. Canonical analysis of unweighted UniFrac principal coordinates clustered the subjects mainly by their ethnicities/geography and less so by lifestyles. Nine predominant genera, all of which are known to contain short-chain fatty acid producers, co-occurred in all individuals and collectively represented nearly half of the total sequences. Interestingly, species-level compositional profiles within these nine genera still discriminated the subjects according to their ethnicities/geography and lifestyles. Therefore, a phylogenetically diverse core of gut microbiota at the genus level may be commonly shared by distinctive healthy populations as functionally indispensable ecosystem service providers for the hosts.     

控制性分根交替灌溉下氮形态对番茄生长、果实产量及品质的影响

以高产大果型西红柿品种中研988为材料,采用分根培养的方法,研究了控制性分根交替灌溉(APRI)条件下,不同氮素形态(硝态氮、铵态氮)对番茄生长、产量及果实品质的影响.结果表明: 同一灌溉方式或下限处理下,铵态氮对番茄植株前期生长有利,而硝态氮促进番茄植株后期生长,并促进果实产量增加.在APRI同一灌水下限下,硝态氮处理可提高果实维生素C含量及糖酸比,提高营养品质.同一氮素形态供应下,APRI番茄的株高和叶面积均小于正常灌溉(CK),但灌水下限为60%田间持水量(θ_f)的APRI处理番茄茎粗在生长后期有所增加.在同一氮素形态下,与CK相比,APRI各处理的产量均下降,其中灌水下限在40%θ_f的APRI处理产量下降了22.4%～26.3%;而灌水下限在60% θ_f的APRI处理仅下降了5.3%～5.4%,下降幅度相对较小,而品质显著提高,并具有明显的节水效果.因此,控制灌水下限在60%θ_f、供应硝态氮的APRI处理为番茄高产、优质、节水的最佳处理.
     

濒危植物长叶榧的光合生理生态特性

利用Li-6400 XT便携式光合作用仪对林窗、林缘、林下3种生境中的长叶榧(Torreya ackii)在春、夏、秋、冬4个季节里的光合生理生态指标进行测定,探讨3种生境中长叶榧光合能力的季节变化及其对不同光环境的响应,分析其濒危机制,为长叶榧的迁地保护和种群的繁衍复壮提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)林窗、林缘的长叶榧净光合速率(Pn)日变化在夏季呈"双峰"曲线,其它3个季节均呈"单峰"曲线;林下的Pn日变化在4个季节均呈"单峰"曲线。(2)3种生境中最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、光饱和点(LSP)、表观量子效率(AQY)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)、磷酸丙糖利用率(TPU)均为夏季最高,使得夏季有较强的光合作用能力,但夏季林窗、林缘的长叶榧出现光合"午休"现象,光补偿点(LCP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)也较高,使得夏季林窗生境的长叶榧日均Pn明显低于于秋季,林缘的日均Pn与秋季差异不显著。(3)4个季节的日均Pn、Pnmax、LSP、Vcmax、Jma、TPU均为林窗最高,林窗与林下差异显著,表明长叶榧具有阳性植物的特点,适宜生长在光照较强的林窗生境。(4)在生长旺盛的夏、秋季,长叶榧的LSP比伴生物种低,LCP比伴生物种高,对光适应的生态幅度较窄;与伴生物种相比,长叶榧的Pn较低,光合能力较弱,在激烈的种间竞争中处于不利地位,可能成为其濒危的一个重要原因。