Effects of Photoperiod and Maturity Genes on Plant Growth, Partitioning, Radiation Use Efficiency, and Yield in Soyabean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill] 'Clark'

Plants of four isolines of soyabean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill]‘Clark’, viz‘L71-920’ (maturity genecomplemente₁e₂e₃ ), ‘L80-5914’ (E₁e₂e₃), ‘Clark’(e₁E₂E₃), and ‘L65-3366’ (E₁E₂E₃), were grown inshort (12.25 h d ^{- 1}natural light) and long days (12.25 h d^{- 1}natural light supplemented with 2.75 h d ^{- 1}low-irradianceartificial light) from first flowering to maturity in a polythenetunnel maintained at 30/24°C (day/night). Whereas therewere few differences among the isolines grown in short days,in long days the dominant alleles increased crop duration, biomassand seed yield substantially. Increases in biological and economicyield were not solely a consequence of longer crop duration:the dominant alleles also increased crop growth rate and radiationuse efficiency in long days (from 1.3 g MJ ^{- 1}total radiationine₁e₂e₃ to 2.8 g MJ ^{- 1}inE₁E₂E₃ ). Greater radiation use efficiencyresulted from a relatively longer leaf area duration, betterdistribution and orientation of a larger mass of leaves withinthe canopy, and smaller partitioning of assimilates to reproductivestructures. The work reveals the substantial effects of thethree lociE₁ / e₁, E₂/ e₂and E₃/e₃ on the response of plantgrowth, as well as development, to environment. Their relevanceto crop adaptation is discussed. Copyright 2000 Annals of BotanyCompany Glycine max(L.) Merrill, soyabean, maturity genes, flowering, phenology, growth, yield     

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION ON THE LARVA OF NEOPSYLLA SPECIALIS SPECIALIS*

Abstract This paper deals in detail with the morphology of the larva of Neopsylla specialis specialis Jordan, 1932. It may be distinguished from other larvae of 5 species or subspecies of Neopsylla by two fine setae lying on outside of each posterior long seta on the ventral plates of the first to third thoracic segments, ratio of the length and width of the egg burster, number and shape of mandibular teeth, number and length of the setae in the anterior and posterior row on dorsal side of head, and number of the setae of anal comb and the strut setae. The sense organs on the 10th tergite are discussed.     

Isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients of a snake venom fibrinolytic enzyme

A fibrinolytic enzyme with a molecular weight between 23,000 and 25,000 Da has been purified from southern copperhead snake venom. Immobilized pH gradient isoelectric focusing with an ultranarrow pH interval (pH 6.65-6.95) resolved two isoforms of the fibrinolytic enzyme that were not resolved by standard isoelectric focusing. Attempts at purification of the individual isoenzymes by semi-preparative scale IPG and elution of enzyme by macerating the gel yielded only 20-40% recovery of activity. In attempts to improve recovery, a semi-preparative IPG canal-isoelectric focusing technique has been utilized.     

Lipid Composition in Scrapie-Infected Mouse Brain: Prion Infection Increases the Levels of Dolichyl Phosphate and Ubiquinone

Abstract: The neutral and phospholipid composition of mouse brain infected with scrapie prions was investigated. During the later stages of this disease, the level of dolichol decreased by 30% whereas the level of dolichyl phosphate increased by 30%. In terminally ill mice, there was also a 2.5-fold increase in both total ubiquinone and its reduced form. Furthermore, α-tocopherol was elevated at this stage by 50%. In contrast, no changes were observed in phospholipid amount, in phospholipid composition, and in phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen content during the entire disease process. The fatty acid and aldehyde composition of individual phospholipids remained unaltered as well. No modifications could be detected in cholesterol content. Thus, the majority of membrane lipids in scrapie-infected mouse brain are modified in neither quantity nor structure, but specific changes occur to a few polyisoprenoid lipids. This specificity indicates that, although prions accumulate in lysosomes, the infection process is not associated with a general membrane destruction caused by lysosomal enzyme leakage.     

零下低温对杂交杨树皮层膜脂组成的影响

以不耐寒的美洲黑杨（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓｄｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓｃｖ．“Ｌｕｘ”Ｉ－６９／５５,父本）和耐寒性较强的欧美杨（Ｐ．ｅｕｒａｍｅｒｉｃａｎａｃｌｃｖ．Ｉ－４５／５１,母本）的４个杂交Ｆ＿１代无性系（９５杨、５５９杨、６００杨和１３８１杨）为材料,分析了零下低温寒潮前后枝条皮层的脂质组成。结果表明,寒潮影响下,皮层中磷脂含量增加而组成基本不变,膜脂脂肪酸组成的变化规律是：寒潮前脂肪酸不饱和指数（ＩＵＦＡ）值大的无性系,寒潮前后的ＩＵＦＡ值变化量小;寒潮前ＩＵＦＡ值较小的无性系,寒潮前后ＩＵＦＡ值变化量较大。本文借用力学概念,提出相对抗性概念,给出杨树无性系的相对抗性序列。序列表明Ｆ＿１代无性系的耐寒性已较不耐寒的父本提高,这与田间观察基本一致。     

Isolation,characterization and application of a species-specific repeated sequence from Haynaldia villosa

A species-specific repeated sequence, pHvNAU62, was cloned from Haynaldia villosa, a wheat relative of great importance. It strongly hybridized to H. villosa, but not to wheat. In situ hybridization localized this sequence to six of seven H. villosa chromosome pairs in telomeric or sub-telomeric regions. Southern hybridization to whea-H. villosa addition lines showed that chromosomes 1V through 6V gave strong signals in ladders while chromosome 7V escaped detection. In addition to H. villosa, several Triticeae species were identified for a high abundance of the pHvNAU62 repeated sequence, among which Thinopyrum bassarabicum and Leymus racemosus produced the strongest signals. Sequence analysis indicated that the cloned fragment was 292 bp long, being AT rich (61%), and showed 67% homology of pSc7235, a rye repeated sequence. Isochizomer analysis suggested that the present repeated sequence was heavily methylated at the cytosine of the CpG dimer in the genome of H. villosa.It was also demonstrated that pHvNAU62 is useful in tagging the introduced 6VS chromosome arm, which confers a resistance gene to wheat powdery mildew, in the segregating generations.     

Location-dependent variations in the material properties of the anterior cruciate ligament.

Our recent anterior drawer studies in human cadaveric knees [Guan and Butler, Adv. Bioengng 17, 5 (1990); Guan et al., Trans. orthop. Res. Soc. 16, 589 (1991)] have suggested that anterior bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) develop higher load-related material properties than posterior bundles. This was confirmed when we reevaluated the axial failure data for these bundle-bone specimens from an earlier study [Butler et al., J. Biomechanics 19, 425-432 (1986)]. The purpose of this study was to determine, in a larger data set, if anteromedial and anterolateral bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament exhibit significantly larger load-related material properties than the posterior ligament bundles. Seven ACL-bone units from seven donors (the three tissues from the original study plus four new ones) were subdivided into three subunits, preserving the bone insertions. The subunits were failed in tension at a constant strain rate (100% s-1) and four material properties were compared within and between donors. The anterior bundles developed significantly larger moduli, maximum stresses, and strain energy densities to maximum stress than the posterior subunits. Moduli for the anterior vs posterior subunits averaged 284 MPa vs 155 MPa, maximum stresses averaged 38 MPa vs 15 MPa, and strain energy densities averaged 2.7 N m cc-1 vs 1.1 N m cc-1, respectively. No significant differences were found, however, among strains to maximum stress or between any of the other properties for the two anterior subunits. These results are important to the design of ligament replacements and suggest new experiments designed to distinguish in vivo force levels in these ACL bands, a possible reason for the material differences.