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101.
102.
103.
An analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using eight
residential insertion sequence (IS) elements as hybridization probes
reveals that the genome of resting bacteria is more dynamic than it was
long believed. Escherichia coli strains stored in agar stabs for up to 30
yr accumulate a genetic variation which is correlated to time of storage.
This spontaneous mutagenesis is often IS-specific, with particularly high
activity for IS5, and thus suggests that transpositional DNA rearrangements
are a major cause for the observed genetic polymorphism. The RFLP patterns
indicate a burst of IS30 transposition to occur occasionally. Mutation rate
is estimated by two different methods to roughly 10(-5) IS-related DNA
rearrangements per bacterial chromosome per hour of storage for the eight
IS elements studied. A pedigree derived from the RFLP data reveals that
populations had evolved independently in each stab and showed no signs of
convergence. Relics of an assumed ancestral population were still present
in the stab cultures, but the elder stabs provided mostly mutants. These
results indicate that cells placed under nutritional deprivation might have
a highly plastic genome and suggest that such plasticity might play an
adaptive role.
相似文献
104.
105.
Sean WM Collins Xisto Martins Andrew Mitchell Awegechew Teshome John T Arnason 《Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine》2007,3(1):1-10
In recent years, diverse scholars have addressed the issue of the chemosensory perceptions associated with traditional medicines, nevertheless there is still a distinct lack of studies grounded in the social sciences and conducted from a cross-cultural, comparative perspective. In this urban ethnobotanical field study, 254 informants belonging to the Gujarati, Kashmiri and English ethnic groups and living in Western Yorkshire in Northern England were interviewed about the relationship between taste and medicinal perceptions of five herbal drugs, which were selected during a preliminary study. The herbal drugs included cinnamon (the dried bark of Cinnamomum verum, Lauraceae), mint (the leaves of Mentha spp., Lamiaceae), garlic (the bulbs of Allium sativum, Alliaceae), ginger (the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, Zingiberaceae), and cloves (the dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum, Myrtaceae). The main cross-cultural differences in taste perceptions regarded the perception the perception of the spicy taste of ginger, garlic, and cinnamon, of the bitter taste of ginger, the sweet taste of mint, and of the sour taste of garlic. The part of the study of how the five selected herbal drugs are perceived medicinally showed that TK (Traditional Knowledge) is widespread among Kashmiris, but not so prevalent among the Gujarati and especially the English samples. Among Kashmiris, ginger was frequently considered to be helpful for healing infections and muscular-skeletal and digestive disorders, mint was chosen for healing digestive and respiratory troubles, garlic for blood system disorders, and cinnamon was perceived to be efficacious for infectious diseases. Among the Gujarati and Kashmiri groups there was evidence of a strong link between the bitter and spicy tastes of ginger, garlic, cloves, and cinnamon and their perceived medicinal properties, whereas there was a far less obvious link between the sweet taste of mint and cinnamon and their perceived medicinal properties, although the link did exist among some members of the Gujarati group. Data presented in this study show how that links between taste perceptions and medicinal uses of herbal drugs may be understood as bio-cultural phenomena rooted in human physiology, but also constructed through individual experiences and culture, and that these links can therefore be quite different across diverse cultures. 相似文献
106.
Malik F Kumar A Bhushan S Khan S Bhatia A Suri KA Qazi GN Singh J 《Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death》2007,12(11):2115-2133
Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells has become the major focus of anti-cancer therapeutics development. WithaferinA, a
major chemical constituent of Withania somnifera, reportedly shows cytotoxicity in a variety of tumor cell lines while its molecular mechanisms of action are not fully understood.
We observed that withaferinA primarily induces oxidative stress in human leukemia HL-60 cells and in several other cancer
cell lines. The withanolide induced early ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψmt) loss, which preceded release of cytochrome c, translocation of Bax to mitochondria and apoptosis inducing factor to cell
nuclei. These events paralleled activation of caspases −9, −3 and PARP cleavage. WA also activated extrinsic pathway significantly
as evidenced by time dependent increase in caspase-8 activity vis-à-vis TNFR-1 over expression. WA mediated decreased expression
of Bid may be an important event for cross talk between intrinsic and extrinsic signaling. Furthermore, withaferinA inhibited
DNA binding of NF-κB and caused nuclear cleavage of p65/Rel by activated caspase-3. N-acetyl-cysteine rescued all these events suggesting thereby a pro-oxidant effect of withaferinA. The results of our studies
demonstrate that withaferinA induced early ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells trigger events responsible
for mitochondrial -dependent and -independent apoptosis pathways. 相似文献
107.
Bhushan S Kumar A Malik F Andotra SS Sethi VK Kaur IP Taneja SC Qazi GN Singh J 《Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death》2007,12(10):1911-1926
A triterpenediol (TPD) comprising of isomeric mixture of 3α, 24-dihydroxyurs-12-ene and 3α, 24-dihydroxyolean-12-ene from
Boswellia serrata induces apoptosis in cancer cells. An attempt was made in this study to investigate the mechanism of cell death by TPD in
human leukemia HL-60 cells. It inhibited cell proliferation with IC50 ∼ 12 μg/ml and produced apoptosis as measured by various biological end points e.g. increased sub-G0 DNA fraction, DNA ladder
formation, enhanced AnnexinV-FITC binding of the cells. Further, initial events involved massive reactive oxygen species (ROS)
and nitric oxide (NO) formation, which were significantly inhibited by their respective inhibitors. Persistent high levels
of NO and ROS caused Bcl-2 cleavage and translocation of Bax to mitochondria, which lead to loss of mitochondrial membrane
potential (Δψm) and release of cytochrome c, AIF, Smac/DIABLO to the cytosol. These events were associated with decreased expression of
survivin and ICAD with attendant activation of caspases leading to PARP cleavage. Furthermore, TPD up regulated the expression
of cell death receptors DR4 and TNF-R1 level, leading to caspase-8 activation. These studies thus demonstrate that TPD produces
oxidative stress in cancer cells that triggers self-demise by ROS and NO regulated activation of both the intrinsic and extrinsic
signaling cascades. 相似文献
108.
I Saba PH Qazi SA Rather RA Dar QA Qadri N Ahmad S Johri SC Taneja S Shawl 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2012,28(3):1071-1079
A Psychrotolerant alkaline protease producing bacterium IIIM-ST045 was isolated from a soil sample collected from the Thajiwas
glacier of Kashmir, India and identified as Stenotrophomonas sp. on the basis of its biochemical properties and 16S ribosomal gene sequencing. The strain could grow well within a temperature
range of 4–37°C however, showed optimum growth at 15°C. The strain was found to over-produce proteases when it was grown in
media containing lactose as carbon source (157.50 U mg−1). The maximum specific enzyme activity (398 U mg−1) was obtained using soya oil as nitrogen source, however, the inorganic nitrogen sources urea, ammonium chloride and ammonium
sulphate showed the lowest production of 38.9, 62.2 and 57.9 U mg−1. The enzyme was purified to 18.45 folds and the molecular weight of the partially purified protease was estimated to be ~55 kDa
by SDS-PAGE analysis. The protease activity increased as the increase in enzyme concentration while as the optimum enzyme
activity was found when casein (1% w/v) was used as substrate. The enzyme was highly active over a wide range of pH from 6.5
to 12.0 showing optimum activity at pH 10.0. The optimum temperature for the enzyme was 15°C. Proteolytic activity reduced
gradually with higher temperatures with a decrease of 56% at 40°C. The purified enzyme was checked for the removal of protein
containing tea stains using a silk cloth within a temperature range of 10–60°C. The best washing efficiency results obtained
at low temperatures indicate that the enzyme may be used for cold washing purposes of delicate fabrics that otherwise are
vulnerable to high temperatures. 相似文献
109.
Qazi Mohd Sajid Jamal Mohtashim Lohani Mohd Haris Siddiqui Mohd Haneef Shailendra Kumar Gupta Gulshan Wadhwa 《Bioinformation》2012,8(17):795-800
DNA damage occurs almost all the times in cells, but is repaired also continuously. Occurrence of all these mutations and their
accumulation in one cell which finally becomes tumorigenic/carcinogenic appears possible if the DNA repair mechanism is
hampered. We hypothesize that alterations in DNA repair pathways, either all or at least at one i.e. genetic, translational or posttranslational
level, becomes quite imperative for the initiation and progression of Cancer. Therefore, we investigated the interaction
capability of some carcinogens with the enzymes involved in the DNA repair mechanisms. Cigarette smoke''s derivatives like
NNK and NNAL are well established carcinogens. Hence, we analyzed 72 enzymes involved in the DNA repair Mechanisms for
their interactions with ligands (NNK and NNAL). The binding efficiencies with enzymes ranging from +36.96 to -7.47 Kcal/Mol.
Crystal Structure of Human Carbonmonoxy-Haemoglobin at 1.25 Å Resolution, PDB ID-1IRD as a +Ve control, showed
binding energy -6.31 to -6.68 Kcal/Mol. and Human heat shock factor-binding protein 1, PDB ID- 3CI9 as a -Ve control, showed -
3.91 to +2.09 Kcal/Mol. Binding was characterized for the enzymes sharing equivalent or better interaction as compared to +Ve
control. Study indicated the loss of functions of these enzymes, which probably could be a reason for fettering of DNA repair
pathways resulting in damage accumulation and finally cancer formation. 相似文献
110.
Afsar Raza Naqvi Md. Nazrul Islam Nirupam Roy Choudhury Qazi Mohd. Rizwanul Haq. 《International journal of biological sciences》2009,5(2):97-117
Micro- and short-interfering RNAs represent small RNA family that are recognized as critical regulatory species across the eukaryotes. Recent high-throughput sequencing have revealed two more hidden players of the cellular small RNA pool. Reported in mammals and Caenorhabditis elegans respectively, these new small RNAs are named piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and 21U-RNAs. Moreover, small RNAs including miRNAs have been identified in unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, redefining the earlier concept of multi-cellularity restricted presence of these molecules. The discovery of these species of small RNAs has allowed us to understand better the usage of genome and the number of genes present but also have complicated the situation in terms of biochemical attributes and functional genesis of these molecules. Nonetheless, these new pools of knowledge have opened up avenues for unraveling the finer details of the small RNA mediated pathways. 相似文献