阿维菌素对棉铃虫的抗性选育及其对解毒酶活性的影响

为了了解棉铃虫对阿维菌素的抗药性机理,用阿维菌素对棉铃虫(Heliothis armigera)进行了抗性选育,并对选育的27代棉铃虫解毒酶的活性进行了检测.选育从F0至F21代,抗性缓慢波动上升,达到选育前的121.19倍;F0至F27代抗性迅速增长,达到选育前的821.73倍,抗性发展趋势呈现S型曲线.随着选育代数的增加,对乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)没有明显的影响;羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性,F27是F0的2.52倍(α-NA)和2.83倍(β- NA),从20开始,活性在较高水平上波动;谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性,F27是F0的2.12倍,且从F16开始,活性在较高水平上波动.选育的抗性品系,增效醚对阿维菌素增效6.77倍.上述结果说明棉铃虫对abamectin的抗性机制也涉及MFO、GSTs、CarE等多个酶系统,但与乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)无关.     

Differential responses in two varieties of winter wheat to elevated ozone concentration under fully open‐air field conditions

Two modern cultivars [Yangmai16 (Y16) and Yangfumai 2 (Y2)] of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with almost identical phenology were investigated to determine the impacts of elevated ozone concentration (E‐O₃) on physiological characters related to photosynthesis under fully open‐air field conditions in China. The plants were exposed from the initiation of tillering to final harvest, with E‐O₃ of 127% of the ambient ozone concentration (A‐O₃). Measurements of pigments, gas exchange rates, chlorophyll a fluorescence and lipid oxidation were made in three replicated plots throughout flag leaf development. In cultivar Y2, E‐O₃ significantly accelerated leaf senescence, as indicated by increased lipid oxidation as well as faster declines in pigment amounts and photosynthetic rates. The lower photosynthetic rates were mainly due to nonstomatal factors, e.g. lower maximum carboxylation capacity, electron transport rates and light energy distribution. In cultivar Y16, by contrast, the effects of E‐O₃ were observed only at the very last stage of flag leaf ageing. Since the two cultivars had almost identical phenology and very similar leaf stomatal conductance before senescence, the greater impacts of E‐O₃ on cultivars Y2 than Y16 cannot be explained by differential ozone uptake. Our findings will be useful for scientists to select O₃‐tolerant wheat cultivars against the rising surface [O₃] in East and South Asia.     

后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术术式对术肾肾功能的影响

目的：探讨后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术（LNSS）术式对术肾肾功能的影响。方法：2009年1月-2010年12月行经后腹膜途径腹腔镜保留肾单位手术例26。男16例,女10例。随访时间〉1年的有18例。年龄40-70岁。肾细胞癌23例,肾嫌色细胞癌2例,肾平滑肌瘤1例。肿瘤直径2.6-3.2cm,平均2.9cm。所有患者术中阻断肾动脉,剪刀切除肿瘤。术中肾动脉阻断时间20-30min,平均26.4分钟。分别于术前、术后2周、术后3月、术后1年测定双肾显像、血清肌酐、血清胱抑素。结果：18例患者术肾术前GFR及占总GFR的比例分别为53.2±7.8 ml/min和50.7±3.6%,术后两周GFR及占总GFR的比例分别为31.2±8.9 ml/min和35.8±5.8%,术后3月GFR及占总GFR的比例分别为34.7±8.6 ml/min和38.4±5.3%,术后1年GFR及占总GFR的比例分别为41.1±9.7 ml/min和43.2±6.2%。血清肌酐及血清胱抑素术前术后对比因为受对侧肾功能的影响不能反映对分肾功能的影响。结论：LNSS术式对于直径小于4cm的肾早期肿瘤是切实可行的。     

蛋白质表面氨基酸特性研究进展

分布在蛋白质分子表面的暴露于溶剂的氨基酸所具有的一些特性对蛋白质的折叠和聚合过程、蛋白质一蛋白质相互作用以及蛋白质的功能具有重要影响。本文分析了蛋白质表面氨基酸在疏水性、保守性、静电势及结构方面的一些特性,阐述了近年来国际上利用这些特性对蛋白质一蛋白质相互作用界面进行预测的方法,最后介绍了几款预测蛋白质表面氨基酸的软件。     

后磨牙模拟根管模型制备与研究

目的：制备后磨牙模拟根管模型。方法：依照预实验中测试的牙本质和树脂根管模型材料的布氏硬度值（牙本质HB72,树脂块HB54）选取纯铜质铜管为材料（纯铜HB58）同时利用预实验中确认的后磨牙模拟根管模型弯曲角度的范围（70°-60°）并参照树脂根管模型相关数据,设计不同弯曲角度（70°,64°,60°）的纯铜质根管模型,将20套镍钛根管锉随机分为4组,其中3组根管锉分别预备相应角度的10个纯铜质后磨牙根管模型,另一组在临床预备10个后磨牙根管作为对照组。所有镍钛根管锉均在疲劳寿命测试装置中测试疲劳寿命。结果：选用根管长度为16mm±1mm,弯曲半径为5mm,内径为0.70mm的纯铜质铜管制作后磨牙根管模型。其中在弯曲角度为70°的后磨牙根管模型中有33%（2/6）近似临床;在弯曲角度为64°的后磨牙根管模型中有67%（4/6）近似临床;在弯曲角度为60°的后磨牙根管模型中有33%（2/6）近似临床。结论：弯曲角度为64°的纯铜制后磨牙模拟根管模型更接近于临床实际,可为体外研究镍钛根管锉各项指标提供一个较为理想的模型。     

基于钙黄绿素- 铜(Ⅱ)荧光体系测定乙酰半胱氨酸

目的:基于钙黄绿素-铜(Ⅱ)荧光体系测定乙酰半胱氨酸。方法:在pH=8.0的Na2HPO.412H2O-KH2PO4缓冲液中,以492 nm为激发波长,520 nm为发射波长测定乙酰半胱氨酸溶液的荧光强度。结果:在pH=8.0的Na2HPO.412H2O-KH2PO4缓冲液中,二价铜离子与钙黄绿素配位引起荧光猝灭。由于乙酰半胱氨酸中巯基上的硫离子与Cu2+的亲和力很强,可从钙黄绿素-铜(Ⅱ)的络合物中夺取铜离子而使钙黄绿素游离出来,从而使体系的荧光得以恢复,并且荧光恢复的程度与加入乙酰半胱氨酸的量在一定范围内成线性。结论:建立了一种测定乙酰半胱氨酸的荧光分析新方法,该方法的线性范围为6.0 10-6～1.4 10-5 mol/L,检出限为4.010-6 mol/L。     

A cohesion/tension model for the gating of aquaporins allows estimation of water channel pore volumes in Chara

The water permeability (hydraulic conductivity; Lp) of turgid, intact internodes of Chara corallina decreased exponentially as the concentration of osmolytes applied in the medium increased. Membranes were permeable to osmolytes and therefore they could be applied on both sides of the plasma membrane at concentrations of up to 2.0 m (5.0 MPa of osmotic pressure). Organic solutes of different molecular size (molecular weight, MW) and reflection coefficients (σ_s) were used [heavy water HDO, MW: 19, σ_s: 0.004; acetone, MW: 58, σ_s: 0.15; dimethyl formamide (DMF), MW: 73, σ_s: 0.76; ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGMME), MW: 76, σ_s: 0.59; diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGMME), MW: 120, σ_s: 0.78 and triethylene glycol monoethyl ether (TEGMEE), MW: 178, σ_s: 0.80]. The larger the molecular size of the osmolyte, the more efficient it was in reducing cell Lp at a given concentration. The residual cell Lp decreased with increasing size of osmolytes. The findings are in agreement with a cohesion/tension model of the osmotic dehydration of water channels (aquaporins; AQPs), which predicts both reversible exponential dehydration curves and the dependence on the size of osmolytes which are more or less excluded from AQPs (Ye, Wiera & Steudle, Journal of Experimental Botany 55, 449–461, 2004). In the presence of big osmolytes, dehydration curves were best described by the sum of two exponentials (as predicted from the theory in the presence of two different types of AQPs with differing pore diameters and volumes). AQPs with big diameters could not be closed in the presence of osmolytes of small molecular size, even at very high concentrations. The cohesion/tension theory allowed pore volumes of AQPs to be evaluated, which was 2.3 ± 0.2 nm³ for the narrow pore and between 5.5 ± 0.8 and 6.1 ± 0.8 nm³ for the wider pores. The existence of different types of pores was also evident from differences in the residual Lp. Alternatively, pore volumes were estimated from ratios between osmotic (P_f) and diffusional (P_d) water flow, yielding the number of water molecules (N) in the pores. N-values ranged between 35 and 60, which referred to volumes of 0.51 and 0.88 nm³/pore. Values of pore volumes obtained by either method were bigger than those reported in the literature for other AQPs. Absolute values of pore volumes and differences obtained by the two methods are discussed in terms of an inclusion of mouth parts of AQPs during osmotic dehydration. It is concluded that the mouth part contributed to the absolute values of pore volumes depending on the size of osmolytes. However, this can not explain the finding of the existence of two different types or groups of AQPs in the plasma membrane of Chara.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

We report the development of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci in pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) using an unenriched genomic library. The number of the alleles ranged from two to 18 and observed hererozygosity ranged from 0.0286 to 0.9429, indicating that these markers will be useful for population studies and mapping in pacific white shrimp. Seven loci were detected deviated from Hardy–Weinberg, caused by deficiency of heterozygote, suggesting population genetic structure across the sampled population. No evidence for linkage disequilibrium was found.     

高效液相色谱法测定大豆乳清提取物中大豆异黄酮的含量

建立了大豆乳清提取物中大豆异黄酮含量的高效液相色谱测定方法。采用Nova-Pak C₁₈（3.9×150 mm,4 μm）色谱柱;以甲醇：0.4%磷酸=30：70（v/v）为流动相分析染料木苷和黄豆苷;流速为0.7 mL·min^-1;柱温为30℃;检测波长为260 nm。试验结果表明,大豆乳清提取物中的大豆异黄酮含量为72.5%,其组成以染料木苷和黄豆苷为主,二者比例接近1∶1,苷元型大豆异黄酮未检出。染料木苷和黄豆苷的平均回收率分别为98.1%和98.4%,相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为0.7%（n=5）和0.8%(n=5)。该方法快速、准确、重复性好。     

匙叶茅膏菜的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称 匙叶茅营菜（Drosera spathulata Labill．）。 2材料类别 种子、根茎。 3培养条件 种子萌发培养基：（1）1／2MS。分化、增殖培养基：（2）1／2MS＋6-BA1．0mg·L^-1（单位下同）＋NAA0．1;（3）1／2MS＋6-BA1．0＋NAA0．3;（4）1／2MS＋6-BA3．0＋NAA0．1;（5）1／2MS＋6-BA3．0＋NAA0．3。