全文获取类型
收费全文 | 11999篇 |
免费 | 1460篇 |
国内免费 | 118篇 |
专业分类
13577篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 42篇 |
2022年 | 75篇 |
2021年 | 156篇 |
2020年 | 132篇 |
2019年 | 167篇 |
2018年 | 214篇 |
2017年 | 198篇 |
2016年 | 294篇 |
2015年 | 379篇 |
2014年 | 439篇 |
2013年 | 484篇 |
2012年 | 588篇 |
2011年 | 563篇 |
2010年 | 374篇 |
2009年 | 381篇 |
2008年 | 477篇 |
2007年 | 463篇 |
2006年 | 389篇 |
2005年 | 355篇 |
2004年 | 343篇 |
2003年 | 307篇 |
2002年 | 286篇 |
2001年 | 1138篇 |
2000年 | 981篇 |
1999年 | 712篇 |
1998年 | 217篇 |
1997年 | 229篇 |
1996年 | 172篇 |
1995年 | 146篇 |
1994年 | 150篇 |
1993年 | 107篇 |
1992年 | 368篇 |
1991年 | 330篇 |
1990年 | 282篇 |
1989年 | 218篇 |
1988年 | 200篇 |
1987年 | 138篇 |
1986年 | 151篇 |
1985年 | 110篇 |
1984年 | 64篇 |
1983年 | 65篇 |
1981年 | 30篇 |
1979年 | 39篇 |
1978年 | 31篇 |
1976年 | 39篇 |
1975年 | 37篇 |
1973年 | 39篇 |
1972年 | 50篇 |
1971年 | 46篇 |
1970年 | 34篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
41.
The effect of hydration on the dynamics of trimethoprim bound to dihydrofolate reductase. A deuterium NMR study. 下载免费PDF全文
To determine the effect of hydration on the dynamics of a protein complex, we used deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to examine a trimethoprim (TMP)/E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) complex in its lyophilized, partially hydrated, polycrystalline, and ammonium sulfate-precipitated states. The results indicate that TMP is rigid in the lyophilized powder state. The dynamic behavior could be restored by partial rehydration. At 30 wt% hydration the deuterium spectrum of the partially hydrated sample was indistinguishable from that of the polycrystalline and ammonium sulfate-precipitated samples, suggesting that the structure of the protein/TMP complex is similar in the three physical states. Furthermore, we found that the para- and meta-methoxyl groups have very different dynamical behavior. 相似文献
42.
Leukocyte CD18 monoclonal antibody worsens endotoxemia and cardiovascular injury in canines with septic shock 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
43.
Le Q Darcel C Merriman M Beauregard M Avery RJ Kasting R 《Canadian journal of comparative medicine and veterinary science》1963,27(4):81-84
Homogenized brain, extracts, and residues of brain from normal and scrapie sheep were inoculated into 116 sheep. Of 72 sheep inoculated with scrapie material 27 developed the disease, whereas four of 44 inoculated with ;normal' brain material showed symptoms similar to those of scrapie. The scrapie agent survived extraction for 18 hours with diethyl ether followed by water for 24 hours. Similarly the agent survived extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus with 95 per cent ethanol containing 2.0 per cent 4 M HC1 for 24 hours. There was no evidence of demyelination in sections of brain and spinal cord supporting the view that allergic encephalomyelitis is not responsible for the scrapie symptoms. Liver function, as measured by the bromsulfalein test, remained normal until just before death. These results preclude that liver dysfunction contributes to the disease but do not exclude the possibilities of other metabolic derangements. 相似文献
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
Synchronously dividing cultures of the unicellular green alga Scenedesmus obtusiusculus were cultivated for 24 or 70 h in medium high (1000 μM) or low (60 μM) in phosphorus. Aliquots of AlCl3 (0, 37, 74, 111, 148, 185, or 222 μmol) were added daily to 1 l cell suspension at the end of the cell division phase. Algae were also grown in media with different pH, adjusted with HCl, in the absence of AlCl3 .
Effects of Al on cell metabolism vary with the intracellular Al concentration and with the concentration of Al available per cell. When the concentration of phosphorus is low, internal concentrations of Al are high and the chlorophyll content and the net dry matter production per cell increase, whereas the photosynthesis and the cell division are increased. Presence of Al in a low P medium decreases the pH of the medium down to 4.5. There are only small effects of Al in the presence of P, due to precipitation of most of the Al with P in the medium.
Despite the Al-induced decrease of the pH of the culture medium, effects caused by Al cannot be explained as a pH effect. Instead, the Al effect may, at least to some extent, be related to a decrease in availability of P in the metabolism, due to formation of aluminium phosphate inside the cell. 相似文献
Effects of Al on cell metabolism vary with the intracellular Al concentration and with the concentration of Al available per cell. When the concentration of phosphorus is low, internal concentrations of Al are high and the chlorophyll content and the net dry matter production per cell increase, whereas the photosynthesis and the cell division are increased. Presence of Al in a low P medium decreases the pH of the medium down to 4.5. There are only small effects of Al in the presence of P, due to precipitation of most of the Al with P in the medium.
Despite the Al-induced decrease of the pH of the culture medium, effects caused by Al cannot be explained as a pH effect. Instead, the Al effect may, at least to some extent, be related to a decrease in availability of P in the metabolism, due to formation of aluminium phosphate inside the cell. 相似文献
49.
Detection of Salmonella typhi by polymerase chain reaction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A rapid and sensitive method for detection of Salmonella typhi would help in preventing the spread of outbreaks and in clinical diagnosis. In order to develop unique PCR primers to detect Salm. typhi , ribosomal RNA genes from Salm. typhi (Rawlings) were cloned in pUC18. The resulting clone was confirmed by sequencing. The cloned DNA fragment contained the 5S, part of the 23S rRNA genes and the 5S-23S spacer region (EMBL/GenBank accession No. U04734).
It was expected that the 5S-23S spacer region is divergent unlike the highly conserved 23S+5S genes. This was confirmed by comparison with the rRNA gene sequences in the EMBL/GenBank database. A pair of PCR primers specific for Salm. typhi was obtained, based on this spacer region sequence. The specificity of this pair of primers was tested with 54 Salm. typhi strains (of 27 different phage types). All these Salm. typhi strains showed the positive 300 bp PCR product with this pair of primers. Six other Salmonella species as well as six other non- Salmonella bacteria were tested and none showed the 300 bp PCR product. The sensitivity of the detection level was 0·1 pg of pure Salm. typhi genomic DNA, or approximately 40 Salm. typhi cells in a spiked food sample. This pair of primers therefore has the potential for development into a diagnostic tool for the rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever. 相似文献
It was expected that the 5S-23S spacer region is divergent unlike the highly conserved 23S+5S genes. This was confirmed by comparison with the rRNA gene sequences in the EMBL/GenBank database. A pair of PCR primers specific for Salm. typhi was obtained, based on this spacer region sequence. The specificity of this pair of primers was tested with 54 Salm. typhi strains (of 27 different phage types). All these Salm. typhi strains showed the positive 300 bp PCR product with this pair of primers. Six other Salmonella species as well as six other non- Salmonella bacteria were tested and none showed the 300 bp PCR product. The sensitivity of the detection level was 0·1 pg of pure Salm. typhi genomic DNA, or approximately 40 Salm. typhi cells in a spiked food sample. This pair of primers therefore has the potential for development into a diagnostic tool for the rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever. 相似文献
50.
Effects of clinorotation and microgravity on sweet clover columella cells treated with cytochalasin D 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The cytoskeleton of columella cells is believed to be involved in maintaining the developmental polarity of cells observed as a reproducible positioning of cellular organelles. It is also implicated in the transduction of gravitropic signals. Roots of sweet clover ( Melilotus alba L.) seedlings were treated with a microfilament disrupter, cytochalasin D, on a slowly rotating horizontal clinostat (2 rpm). Electron micrographs of treated columella cells revealed several ultrastructural effects including repositioning of the nucleus and the amyloplasts and the formation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) whorls. However, experiments performed during fast clinorotation (55 rpm) showed an accumulation (but no whorling) of a disorganized ER network at the proximal and distal pole and a random distribution of the amyloplasts. Therefore, formation of whorls depends upon the speed of clinorotation, and the overall impact of cytochalasin D suggests the necessity of microfilaments in organelle positioning. Interestingly, a similar drug treatment performed in microgravity aboard the US Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-54, January 1993) caused a displacement of ER membranes and amyloplasts away from the distal plasma membrane. In the present study, we discuss the role of microfilaments in maintaining columella cell polarity and the utility of clinostats to simulate microgravity. 相似文献