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991.
Effects of crude oil on survival,morphology, and anatomy of two aquatic macrophytes from the Amazon floodplains 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aline Lopes Sonia Maciel da Rosa-Osman Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade 《Hydrobiologia》2009,636(1):295-305
Aquatic herbaceous macrophytes grow in profusion in the Amazon fertile varzea floodplains. A large number of species occur
but only a few are particularly abundant, supporting food chains, contributing substantially to carbon and nutrient cycles.
Their growth and role in the ecosystem depend, among other, on its life cycles and habits, floating or semi-aquatic. Although
in the last decades, petroliferous activity intensified in the Central Amazon region and so did oil spills, the effect of
petroleum on the native aquatic plants is unknown. The present study was designed to test experimentally the survival and
morpho-anatomical modifications of the free floating water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes and the semi-aquatic grass Echinochloa polystachya to 10 different concentrations of crude oil. Higher concentrations of crude oil caused the mortality in both species; however,
lethal dose (LD50) values showed that E. polystachya was more sensitive than E. crassipes. Despite the higher tolerance of E. crassipes, the inhibition of root and leaf growth as well as anatomical modifications in leaves were registered in higher concentrations.
Additionally, the oil caused a reduction in leaf numbers in both species. Although mortality of the floating species was lower,
it may increases over time, since important alterations in morphology and anatomy occurred. These results show that oil spills
in the Amazon varzea can cause severe alterations in the aquatic flora and in the floodplain dynamics. 相似文献
992.
Malin Sandström Anders Lansner Jeanette Hellgren-Kotaleski Jean-Pierre Rospars 《Journal of computational neuroscience》2009,27(3):337-355
We modeled the firing rate of populations of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) responding to an odorant at different concentrations.
Two cases were considered: a population of ORNs that all express the same olfactory receptor (OR), and a population that expresses
many different ORs. To take into account ORN variability, we replaced single parameter values in a biophysical ORN model with
values drawn from statistical distributions, chosen to correspond to experimental data. For ORNs expressing the same OR, we
found that the distributions of firing frequencies are Gaussian at all concentrations, with larger mean and standard deviation
at higher concentrations. For a population expressing different ORs, the distribution of firing frequencies can be described
as the superposition of a Gaussian distribution and a lognormal distribution. Distributions of maximum value and dynamic range
of spiking frequencies in the simulated ORN population were similar to experimental results. 相似文献
993.
Jian Wen Wang Li Ping Zheng Ben Zhang Ting Zou 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2009,85(2):285-292
This work examined the accumulation of artemisinin and related secondary metabolism pathways in hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua L. induced by a fungal-derived cerebroside (2S,2′R,3R,3′E,4E,8E)-1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2-N-(2′-hydroxy-3′-octadecenoyl)-3-hydroxy-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine. The presence of the cerebroside induced nitric oxide
(NO) burst and artemisinin biosynthesis in the hairy roots. The endogenous NO generation was examined to be involved in the
cerebroside-induced biosynthesis of artemisinin by using NO inhibitors, N
ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide. The gene expression and activity
of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase were stimulated by the cerebroside, but more strongly by the potentiation of NO. While the
mevalonate pathway inhibitor, mevinolin, only partially inhibited the induced artemisinin accumulation, the plastidic 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway inhibitor, fosmidomycin, nearly arrested artemisinin accumulation induced by cerebroside and
the combination elicitation with an NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP). With the potentiation by SNP at 10 μM, the cerebroside
elicitor stimulated artemisinin production in 20-day-old hairy root cultures up to 22.4 mg/l, a 2.3-fold increase over the
control. These results suggest that cerebroside plays as a novel elicitor and the involvement of NO in the signaling pathway
of the elicitor activity for artemisinin biosynthesis. 相似文献
994.
Quan-fu Wang Yan-hua Hou Jin-lai Miao Guang-you Li 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2009,31(6):1097-1102
The effect of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on Antarctic phytoplankton has become an attractive ecological issue as a result
of annual springtime ozone depletion. The effects of UV-B radiation on the growth and antioxidant enzymes were investigated
using Antarctic sea ice microalgae Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L as the material in this study. The results demonstrated that UV-B radiation could notably inhibit the growth, especially
at high UV-B radiation intensity (70 μW cm−2). Malondialdehyde and O2
·− content in ICE-L increased rapidly in early days (1–3 days) exposed to UV-B radiation enhancement, then decreased rapidly.
In the stress of UV-B radiation enhancement, the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and Catalase activities of 1–4 days in ICE-L
were obviously higher than those in the control, and their activities became higher at high UV-B radiation intensity (70 μW cm−2). These enzymes activity of 7 days would kept stable at low UV-B radiation intensity (35 μW cm−2), but kept high level at high UV-B radiation intensity (70 μW cm−2). However, the ascorbate peroxidase activity in ICE-L kept stable under the stress of UV-B radiation enhancement. The above
experimental results indicated that the antioxidant enzyme system played an important role in the adaptation of Antarctic
ice microalgae under the UV-B radiation change of Antarctic ecosystems. 相似文献
995.
Observational and manipulative studies have revealed that alien plant invasions are an outcome of interplay between a myriad
of biotic and abiotic factors operating at various spatio-temporal stages and scales. Despite the salient role of ubiquitous
arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in plant interactions, studies exploring the role of such symbionts in invasiveness of alien
species and invasibility of communities are limited, in part because of difficult-culturablilty of AM fungi on artificial
media and apparent complexities in manipulations of AM-plant interactions in field and laboratory experiments. Moreover, analysis
of the AM-plant invasion studies conducted so far have yielded contradictory results with some indicating facilitation of
invasion by AM fungi and others its inhibition. Other studies have indicated that arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis has no
effect on invasiveness of alien plants. While arbuscular mycorrhizas may facilitate invasiveness of some alien plants, such
plants may also potentially impact mycorrhizal community structure and functions in the invaded habitats in different ways.
The present review addresses these paradoxically conflicting observations in the context of mutualism-commensalism-parasitism
gradient that characterizes the relationship between AM fungi and their alien vs. native hosts and also discusses the influence
of alien invasive plants on mycorrhizal community structure of invaded ecosystems. Through critical analysis of costs and
benefits for invasive plants that associate with AM fungi in their introduced range, invasion-induced shifts in AM mutualism
are evaluated in the context of their impact on native biodiversity. Underlining limitations of methodologies and experimental
designs usually employed to understand AM-mediated plant invasiveness, we proposes herein some alternative frameworks and
experimental approaches to overcome these limitations. 相似文献
996.
Jose A. Estevez Alberto Martínez Andrés J. García Francisco Ceacero Enrique Gaspar-López Antonio Calatayud Laureano Gallego 《Acta theriologica》2009,54(3):235-242
Previous studies have suggested that antlers are costly bone structures whose mineral composition may change depending on
physiological and other factors. This study examined whether nutrition variation associated with deer management influences
antler mineral composition and structural characteristics of whole antler. Mineral distribution and bone structure were examined
in antlers from two groups of adult Iberian red deer Cervus elaphus hispanicus Hilzheimer, 1909. They were kept under different feeding regimes at an experimental deer farm and a game estate in southeastern
Spain. Protein and mineral contents differed between the diet of captive deer and that of deer in the wild. Significant differences
were found for Na, Mg, K and protein. Antler composition seems to reflect the diet, as antlers of deer differed in protein,
Na, Mg and K, but not in total mineral content, Ca, Fe or Zn. Thus, management conditions related to nutrition are reflected
on antler composition. 相似文献
997.
Andrei Daniel Mihalca Miloslav Jirků Patrick Kenyatta Malonza David Modrý 《Systematic parasitology》2009,74(3):219-223
Coprological examinations of eight Ruppell’s agamas Agama rueppelli (Vaillant) revealed the presence of a coccidium of the genus Isospora Schneider, 1881 that represents a previously undescribed species. Oöcysts of Isospora farahi n. sp. are spherical or subspherical, 29.1 (26–31) × 28.8 (26–31) μm, with a shape-index of 1.01 (1–1.07). An oöcyst residuum, polar granules and micropyle are absent. The oöcyst wall is bilayered, brownish and smooth, c. 1.5–2 μm thick. The sporocysts are oval, 16.6 (15–18) × 11.4 (11–12) μm, with a shape-index of 1.46 (1.25–1.64) and both Stieda and substieda bodies. A sporocyst residuum is present as medium-sized granules scattered irregularly among the sporozoites. The sporozoites are vermiform, with a large posterior spherical refractile body. Endogenous development is intranuclear in the epithelial cells of the small intestine. Sporulation is unknown, as oöcysts were recovered from the faeces. 相似文献
998.
Sophie Casteret Najat Chbab Jeanne Cambefort Corinne Augé-Gouillou Yves Bigot Florence Rouleux-Bonnin 《Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG》2009,282(5):531-546
Previous studies have shown that the transposase and the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) of the Mos1
mariner elements are suboptimal for transposition; and that hyperactive transposases and transposon with more efficient ITR configurations
can be obtained by rational molecular engineering. In an attempt to determine the extent to which this element is suboptimal
for transposition, we investigate here the impact of the three main DNA components on its transposition efficiency in bacteria
and in vitro. We found that combinations of natural and synthetic ITRs obtained by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential
enrichment did increase the transposition rate. We observed that when untranslated terminal regions were associated with their
respective natural ITRs, they acted as transposition enhancers, probably via the early transposition steps. Finally, we demonstrated
that the integrity of the Mos1 inner region was essential for transposition. These findings allowed us to propose prototypes of optimized Mos1 vectors, and to define the best sequence features of their associated marker cassettes. These vector prototypes were assayed
in HeLa cells, in which Mos1 vectors had so far been found to be inactive. The results obtained revealed that using these prototypes does not circumvent
this problem. However, such vectors can be expected to provide new tools for the use in genome engineering in systems such
as Caenorhabditis elegans in which Mos1 is very active. 相似文献
999.
Catecholamines (noradrenaline, NA; adrenaline, AD; dopamine, DA) influence the metabolic and cardiovascular responses to exercise.
However, changes in catecholamine metabolism during exercise are unclear. Plasma normetanephrine (NMET), metanephrine (MET)
and catecholamine responses to a laboratory-based model of games-type exercise were examined. Twelve healthy men completed
a resting control trial and a trial consisting of ten 6 s cycle ergometer sprints interspersed with 30 s recovery, in randomised
order. Resting and post-sprint venous blood samples were taken. Plasma NA and AD increased after each sprint but DA was unaltered.
Plasma nephrines increased significantly from sprint 4 onwards with peak NMET increasing 60% to 0.76 ± 0.19 nmol l−1 and MET 230% to 0.37 ± 0.16 nmol l−1 from resting values (P < 0.05). The results demonstrate increased catecholamine metabolism via elevated catechol-O-methyl transferase activity during intermittent sprinting. The results may aid regulation of the metabolic and cardiovascular
responses to exercise by maintaining tissue adrenoceptor sensitivity to circulating catecholamines. 相似文献
1000.
Juneyoung Lee Hyun Joo Hong Jin-Kyoung Kim Jae-Sam Hwang Yangmee Kim Dong Gun Lee 《Molecules and cells》2009,28(5):473-477
Previously, the 9-mer analog peptides, 9Pbw2 and 9Pbw4, were designed based on a defensin-like peptide, protaetiamycine isolated
from Protaetia brevitarsis. In this study, antifungal effects of the analog peptides were investigated. The antifungal susceptibility testing exhibited
that 9Pbw4 contained more potent antifungal activities than 9Pbw2. A PI influx assay confirmed the effects of the analog peptides
and demonstrated that the peptides exerted their activity by a membrane-active mechanism, in an energy-independent manner.
As the noteworthy potency of 9Pbw4, the mechanism(s) of 9Pbw4 were further investigated. The membrane studies, using rhodamine-labeled
giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran loaded liposome, suggested that the membrane-active
mechanism of 9Pbw4 could have originated from the poreforming action and the radii of pores was presumed to be anywhere from
1.8 nm to 3.3 nm. These results were confirmed by 3D-flow cytometric contour-plot analysis. The present study suggests a potential
of 9Pbw4 as a novel antifungal peptide. 相似文献