猪源肠球菌的分离及生物特性的初报

本研究从猪粪便中分离了肠球菌两珠,经菌种鉴定两珠菌均为屡肠球菌。其生物特性的研究表明：可耐受15的胆盐和6％NaCI高盐,在pH3．0条件下可存活,对绝大多数抗生素耐药。     

Intratumor heterogeneity of biomarker expression in breast carcinomas

Small biopsy samples are used increasingly to assess the biomarker expression for prognostic information and for monitoring therapeutic responses prior to and during neoadjuvant therapy. The issue of intratumor heterogeneity of expression of biomarkers, however, has raised questions about the validity of the assessment of biomarker expression based on limited tissue samples. We examined immunohistochemically the expression of HER-2neu (p185^erbB-2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Bcl-2, p53, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in 30 breast carcinomas using archived, paraffin embedded tissue and determined the extent of intratumor heterogeneity. Each section was divided into four randomly oriented discrete regions, each containing a portion of the infiltrating carcinoma. For each tumor, the entire lesion and four regions were analyzed for the expression of these markers. Scores of both membrane and cytoplasmic staining of HER-2neu and EGFR, scores of cytoplasmic staining of Bcl-2, and scores of nuclear staining of both p53 and PCNA were recorded. The intensity of staining and the proportion of immunostained cells were determined. A semiquantitative immunoscore was calculated by determining the sum of the products of the intensity and corresponding proportion of stained tumor cells. We analyzed both invasive (IDC) and in situ (DCIS) carcinomas. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for paired comparisons between overall and regional immunoscores and between overall and regional percentages of stained cells. Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to assess the level of agreement of overall biomarker expression with each of the regions. Generalized linear models were used to assess overall and pair-wise differences in the absolute values of percent changes between overall and regional expression of biomarkers. For IDCs, there were no statistically significant differences in the expression of the biomarkers in terms of either the percentage of cells staining or the immunoscores when comparing the entire tumor with each region except for the lower EGFR expression of arbitrarily selected region 1 and lower p53 expression of region 1 compared to that of the entire tumor section. For DCIS, there were no statistically significant differences in the expression of the biomarkers between the entire tumor and each region except in PCNA of region 2 compared to that of entire tumor section. Positive correlation of immunoscores was observed between the entire tumor and each region as well as across all four regions for IDC. Similar observations were noted with DCIS except for HER-2neu and PCNA. No statistically significant differences were observed in the absolute values of percent changes of biomarker expression between overall and the four regions for both DCIS and IDC. Therefore, no significant intratumor heterogeneity in the expression of HER-2neu, Bcl-2, and PCNA was observed in IDC. Minor regional variations were observed for EGFR and p53 in IDC. Similarly, no significant regional variation in the expression of markers was observed in DCIS except for PCNA.     

石耳科(子囊菌亚门)的间断分布和替代现象

本文报道了石耳科的两个亚洲的,也是美洲以外的新记录种,即角石耳与深色石耳。进一步证实了单果石耳在南大西洋的,即南美洲和南部非洲的间断分布。对于上述种类以及本科其它一些种类的间断分布和替代现象进行了分析讨论。     

Clinical patterns in asthma based on proximal and distal airway nitric oxide categories

Background

The exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) signal is a marker of inflammation, and can be partitioned into proximal [J''aw_NO (nl/s), maximum airway flux] and distal contributions [CA_NO (ppb), distal airway/alveolar NO concentration]. We hypothesized that J''aw_NO and CA_NO are selectively elevated in asthmatics, permitting identification of four inflammatory categories with distinct clinical features.

Methods

In 200 consecutive children with asthma, and 21 non-asthmatic, non-atopic controls, we measured baseline spirometry, bronchodilator response, asthma control and morbidity, atopic status, use of inhaled corticosteroids, and eNO at multiple flows (50, 100, and 200 ml/s) in a cross-sectional study design. A trumpet-shaped axial diffusion model of NO exchange was used to characterize J''aw_NO and CA_NO.

Results

J''aw_NO was not correlated with CA_NO, and thus asthmatic subjects were grouped into four eNO categories based on upper limit thresholds of non-asthmatics for J''aw_NO (≥ 1.5 nl/s) and CA_NO (≥ 2.3 ppb): Type I (normal J''aw_NO and CA_NO), Type II (elevated J''aw_NO and normal CA_NO), Type III (elevated J''aw_NO and CA_NO) and Type IV (normal J''aw_NO and elevated CA_NO). The rate of inhaled corticosteroid use (lowest in Type III) and atopy (highest in Type II) varied significantly amongst the categories influencing J''aw_NO, but was not related to CA_NO, asthma control or morbidity. All categories demonstrated normal to near-normal baseline spirometry; however, only eNO categories with increased CA_NO (III and IV) had significantly worse asthma control and morbidity when compared to categories I and II.

Conclusions

J''aw_NO and CA_NO reveal inflammatory categories in children with asthma that have distinct clinical features including sensitivity to inhaled corticosteroids and atopy. Only categories with increase CA_NO were related to poor asthma control and morbidity independent of baseline spirometry, bronchodilator response, atopic status, or use of inhaled corticosteroids.     

Avoiding biohazards in medical, veterinary and research laboratories

Personnel in medical, veterinary or research laboratories may be exposed to a wide variety of pathogens that range from deadly to debilitating. For some of these pathogens, no treatment is available, and in other cases the treatment does not fully control the disease. It is important that personnel in laboratories that process human or microbiological specimens follow universal precautions when handling tissues, cells, or microbiological specimens owing to the increasing numbers of individuals infected with hepatitis C and HIV in the US and the possibility that an individual may be asymptomatic when a specimen is obtained. Similar precautions must be followed in laboratories that use animal tissues owing to the possibility of exposure to agents that are pathogenic in humans. Personnel with conditions associated with immunosuppression should evaluate carefully whether or not specific laboratory environments put them at increased risk of disease. We offer here some general approaches to identifying biohazards and to minimizing the potential risk of exposure. The issues discussed can be used to develop a general safety program as required by regulatory or accrediting agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.