Initial response of understorey vegetation to fire severity and salvage‐logging in the southern boreal forest of Québec

Abstract. In this study we compared the effects of fire on understorey vegetation in the Québec southern boreal forest with effects of salvage‐logging (clear‐cutting after fire). All 61 400‐m² sampling sites were controlled for overstorey composition (Deciduous, Mixed and Coniferous) and disturbance type, which consisted of three fire impact severity (FIS) classes (Light, Moderate and Extreme) and two harvesting techniques (Stem‐only and Whole‐tree Harvesting). Percent‐cover data of vegetation and post‐disturbance environmental characteristics were recorded in the field during the first two years after fire as well as soil texture. Ordination of fire alone demonstrated that, on Coniferous sites, fire initiates a succession whereby the understorey Coniferous sites approaches that of Deciduous‐Mixed sites, due to the release of the understorey from Sphagnum spp. dominance, this pattern being a function of FIS. On Deciduous‐Mixed stands, increased FIS resulted in a transition from herb to shrub dominance. Ordination of all five disturbance types showed that the impact of salvage‐logging on understorey composition was within the range of fire, but marginalized to the extreme end of the FIS spectrum. Variance partitioning demonstrated that overstorey and soil texture were the most important explanatory variables of fire alone, while disturbance type explained the largest independent fraction of understorey variation when salvage‐logging was introduced. Salvage‐logging also results in significant reductions in understorey abundance, richness and diversity, while indicator species analysis suggests that it favours mesoxerophytic to xeric species. Results are interpreted in light of shade‐tolerance dynamics, forest floor disturbance and soil moisture regimes. Implications for sustainable forest management are discussed.     

Expression and Localization of Caveolin-1, and the Presence of Membrane Rafts, in Mouse and Guinea Pig Spermatozoa

In somatic cells, caveolin-1 plays several roles in membrane dynamics, including organization of detergent-insoluble lipid rafts, trafficking of cholesterol, and anchoring of signaling molecules. Events in sperm capacitation and fertilization require similar cellular functions, suggesting a possible role for caveolin-1 in spermatozoa. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that caveolin-1 was indeed present in developing mouse male germ cells and both mouse and guinea pig spermatozoa. In mature spermatozoa, caveolin-1 was enriched in a Triton X-100-insoluble membrane fraction, as well as in membrane subdomains separable by means of their light buoyant densities through sucrose density gradient centrifugation. These data indicated the presence of membrane rafts enriched in caveolin-1 in spermatozoa. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis revealed caveolin-1 in the regions of the acrosome and flagellum in sperm of both species. Confocal immunofluorescence analysis of developing mouse male germ cells demonstrated partial co-localization with a marker for the acrosome. Furthermore, syntaxin-2, a protein involved in acrosomal exocytosis, was present in both raft and nonraft fractions in mature sperm. Together, these data indicated that sperm membranes possess distinct raft subdomains, and that caveolin-1 localized to regions appropriate for involvement with acrosomal biogenesis and exocytosis, as well as signaling pathways regulating such processes as capacitation and flagellar motility.     

Relation Between Free Fatty Acid and Acyl-CoA Concentrations in Rat Brain Following Decapitation

To ascertain effects of total ischemia on brain phospholipid metabolism, anesthetized rats were decapitated and unesterified fatty acids and long chain acyl-CoA concentrations were analyzed in brain after 3 or 15 min. Control brain was taken from rats that were microwaved. Fatty acids were quantitated by extraction, thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography. Long-chain acyl-CoAs were quantitated by solubilization, solid phase extraction with an oligonucleotide purification cartridge and HPLC. Unesterified fatty acid concentrations increased significantly after decapitation, most dramatically for arachidonic acid (76 fold at 15 min) followed by docosahexaenoic acid. Of the acyl-CoA molecular species only the concentration of arachidonoyl-CoA was increased at 3 min and 15 min after decapitation, by 3–4 fold compared with microwaved brain. The concentration of docosahexaenoyl-CoA fell whereas concentrations of the other acyl-CoAs were unchanged. The increase in arachidonoyl-CoA after decapitation indicates that reincorporation of arachidonic acid into membrane phospholipids is possible during ischemia, likely at the expense of docosahexaenoic acid.     

Changes in Cerebral Acyl-CoA Concentrations Following Ischemia-Reperfusion in Awake Gerbils

Abstract: Transient global cerebral ischemia affects phospholipid metabolism and features a considerable increase in unesterified fatty acids. Reincorporation of free fatty acids into membrane phospholipids during reperfusion following transient ischemia depends on conversion of fatty acids to acyl-CoAs via acyl-CoA synthetases and incorporation of the acyl group into lysophospholipids. To study the effect of ischemia-reperfusion on brain fatty acid and acyl-CoA pools, the common carotid arteries were tied for 5 min in awake gerbils, after which the ligatures were released for 5 min and the animals were killed by microwave irradiation. Twenty percent of these animals (two of 10) were excluded from the ischemia-reperfusion group when it was demonstrated statistically that brain unesterified arachidonic acid concentration was not elevated beyond the range of the control group. Brain unesterified fatty acid concentration was increased 4.4-fold in the ischemic-reperfused animals, with stearic acid and arachidonic acid increasing the most among the saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. The total acyl-CoA concentration remained unaffected, indicating that reacylation of membrane lysophospholipids is maintained during recovery. However, there was a substantial increase in the stearoyl- and arachidonoyl-CoA and a marked decrease in palmitoyl- and docosahexaenoyl-CoA. These results suggest that unesterified fatty acid reacylation into phospholipids is reprioritized according to the redistribution in concentration of acyl-CoA molecular species, with incorporation of stearic acid and especially arachidonic acid being favored.