Molecular phylogenetic evidence that the phylum Haplosporidia has an alveolate ancestry

The phylogenetic position of the phylum Haplosporidia among other protists was investigated with the complete 16S-like rRNA gene sequences from two species in the phylum: Haplosporidium nelsoni, a parasite of oysters, and Minchinia teredinis, a parasite of shipworms. Because the lack of obvious morphological homologies with other protists hampered decisions regarding taxonomic composition for sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, the complete sequences for these two haplosporidians were directed as search queries to the blast/ncbi.nlm.nih.gov electronic mail server. The results of this heuristic similarity search provided a basis for constructing a preliminary higher-taxonomic-level analysis comparing the haplosporidians with species from the slime molds, fungi, algae, amoebae, ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans. Maximum parsimony yielded equivocal results, whereas transversionally weighted parsimony suggested an affinity with the alveolates (i.e., the ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans). Multiple alignment of the two haplosporidian sequences against 17 taxa in a secondary analysis focusing on the alveolates and subsequent parsimony analysis placed the phylum Haplosporidia as a monophyletic group within the Alveolata and as a taxon of equal rank with the other three alveolate phyla. The precise placement within the Alveolata was sensitive to weighting.      

陕西省主要蔬菜产区蔬菜重金属污染状况分析与评价

以GB18406．1-2001无公害蔬菜标准为评价依据．对陕西省8个蔬菜主产区的127个蔬菜样品中汞、砷、铅、镉和铬5种重金属污染状况进行分析评价。结果表明,陕西省主要蔬菜产区蔬菜重金属污染以铅污染为主。茄果类和瓜菜类蔬菜铅污染严重,绿叶类蔬菜铅污染相对较轻．其它4种重金属污染未超过国家标准,其中各产区均未检出镉。铅污染程度的大小顺序足成阳秦都〉宝鸡岐山蔡家坡〉汉中汉台〉渭南临渭。成阳泾阳、宝鸡太白、汉中城固、渭南大荔蔬菜产区5种蓖金瞒均未超标．具备发展无公害蔬菜生产基地条件。     

菠萝蜜中香气成分分析

用溶剂法提取菠萝蜜中的香气成分,用GC-MS联用技术鉴定了82个化合物,占香气成分总量的94．66％,主要为脂肪酸类以及酯类、醇类、烷氧基烷烃类和酮类物质,主要成分为亚油酸(24．10％),棕榈酸(15．72％)和油酸(6．16％)。     

气候变化对内蒙古中东部沙地-湿地镶嵌景观的影响

利用小波分析和遥感技术相结合的方法,研究了气候变化对1961—2005年内蒙古中东部沙地-湿地镶嵌景观的影响.结果表明：1961—2005年,研究区年均气温呈直线上升趋势,增温率为0.32 ℃·（10 a）^-1,年降水量变化呈现30 a的长周期和15 a的短周期,年均风速呈下降趋势,10 a的风速减小率为0.26 m·s^-1;研究区东南部存在一个气候变化恒定区域,由此恒定区向西北进入浑善达克沙地腹地,向东逐步进入科尔沁沙地腹地;2010年以前,研究区仍将维持气温升高、降水偏少、风速减小的趋势;受气候暖干化的影响,浑善达克沙地及其周围湿地的总面积呈逐年缩小趋势,随着沙地内部植被的退化,流动沙地不断扩大、湿地萎缩、湖泊干涸,而相应的固定和半固定沙地面积则明显减少.     

电场对油葵种子苗期干旱胁迫后生长的影响

用不同电场强度处理油葵种子,在田间和实验室测定电场处理种子对苗期干旱胁迫后生长的影响。研究结果表明,种子经电场处理,可明显提高油葵生长的抗旱能力。在０．５ｋＶ／ｃｍ－６．０ｋＶ／ｃｍ场强范围内,不同电场强度对其生长的影响程序不同。与对照组相比,田间出苗率提高４．１１％￣２８．０％,根冠比提高６．６０％￣３８．７％,植株萎蔫程度降低５．０％￣９５％,产量提高３．４０％￣１７．９％,含油率提高１．０３     

云南草蔻和长柄山姜挥发油的化学成分分析

云南草蔻（Alpinia blepharocalyx K．Schum．）和长柄山姜（A．kwangsiensis T．L．Wu et Senjen）均为姜科山姜属多年生草本植物。云南草蔻,又名小草蔻,产自云南南部及西部,生于海拔100～1000m的疏林中;长柄山姜主要分布在广东、广西、贵州和云南,生于山谷中林下阴湿处,海拔580～680m。云南草蔻是傣药品种之一,种子以草豆蔻之名入药,根茎则用于治疗腹胀、腹部冷痛;长柄山姜根茎可治脘腹冷痛、胃寒呕吐。到目前为止,有关云南草蔻和长柄山姜根茎挥发油成分的研究尚未见报道。     

Systematic implications of seed coat diversity in Gaultherieae (Ericaceae)

The seed morphology of 90 samples from 83 species of tribe Gaultherieae (Chamaedaphne, Diplycosia, Eubotryoides, Eubotrys, Gaultheria and Leucothoe) and relatives in tribes Andromedeae (Andromeda and Zenobia) and Vaccinieae (Satyria) was investigated with stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopy. Seeds exhibit variation in shape, colour, size, wing, hilum region, primary ornamentation and epidermal cells. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis based on selected seed characters supports the affinities of some groups within Gaultherieae at various taxonomic levels. Seed characters corroborate the delimitation of Andromeda, Chamaedaphne, Leucothoe, Satyria and Zenobia and Gaultheria series Trichophyllae, series Hispidulae, section Amblyandra and section Brossaeopsis. Parsimony optimization of seed characters onto a previously published phylogenetic estimate of Gaultherieae reveals that small seeds have evolved from larger seeds and an areolate seed coat has evolved from a reticulate seed coat. Optimization also suggests that several seed character states are synapomorphies or potential synapomorphies for some major clades of Gaultherieae. Seeds of Gaultherieae from East Asia, temperate North America and the Pacific are more diverse than those from tropical America. Samples from the eastern Himalaya possess the highest variation in seed morphology. The wing and bulging edge cells observed in seeds of Leucothoe suggest dispersal by wind. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 162 , 477–495.     

蟋蟀脑的解剖结构与生理机能

蟋蟀脑由前脑、中脑和后脑三部分组成。前脑由1对蕈形体、中央复合体和视叶构成;每个蕈形体由2个冠、柄及与柄相连的α叶和β叶组成,是信息联络整合部位;中央复合体由中央体和脑桥组成,主要参与感觉信息的加工过程;视叶由神经节层、外髓和内髓组成,是视觉系统的中心。中脑由主要组成成分为嗅觉纤维球的嗅叶组成,是嗅觉系统的中心。后脑向后与食道下神经节相连。     

Experimental and mathematical modeling of population dynamics of rhizospheric bacteria under conditions of cadmium stress

The method of membrane filters was used to study the population dynamics of bacteria belonging to the genera Arthrobacter, Flavobacterium, and Klebsiella in barley (Hordeum vulgare) rhizosphere under conditions of cadmium stress (5-15 mg Cd/g soil). Mathematical modeling allowed us to demonstrate that the phytoprotective effect is implemented via the following succession of events: the bacteria synthesize phytohormones (IAA and ethylene)-->root excretory activity increases-->the number of the bacteria in the rhizoplane grows-->the flux of bacteria migrating from the rhizoplane to the rhizosphere increases-->the number of bacteria binding cadmium ions in the rhizosphere grows-->the amount of free ions entering the plant decreases. Among the bacteria studied, K. mobilis 880 displayed the highest migration and immobilization activity and the best survival rate under conditions of cadmium stress. Consequently, K. mobilis 880 is recommended for use in biopreparations for stimulating plant growth under conditions of heavy metal pollution.     

Microevolution of nodule bacteria in emergence of mutants with changed viability in the "plant-soil" system

Simulation of cyclic processes in the plant-soil system was used to analyze the effects of factors responsible for the population dynamics of rhizobia on generation of mutants with changed ex planta viability. Rhizobial evolution in a system of ecological niches (soil, rhizosphere, nodules) was described with recurrent equations. Computer experiments were carried out with parameters determining the mutation pressure, selection, and amplitude of the population wave arising in soil on the release of bacteria from nodules and the rhizosphere. Analysis of the model showed that (1) mutants with enhanced ex planta viability do not completely replace the parental strain and (2) mutants with impaired ex planta viability may be fixed in the population. The maintenance of genotypes subject to elimination from the soil and rhizosphere by Darwinian selection was associated with frequency-dependent selection (FDS), which is effective in competition for nodulation. The FDS index was proposed to characterize FDS pressure and was shown to determine the population polymorphism for adaptive traits. An increase in population wave amplitude proved to increase the fixation level (the proportion in the limiting state of the system) of mutants with enhanced viability and to decrease it in mutants with low viability. The results obtained with the model agreed with the data that, in edaphic stress, rhizobial populations remain highly polymorphic, which is associated with the maintenance of sensitive strains. The simulation procedure may be employed in estimating the genetic consequences of introduction of modified rhizobial strains in the environment.