Oxygen uptake rate as a tool for on-line estimation of cell biomass and bed temperature in a novel solid-state fermentation bioreactor

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering - Direct measurement of cell biomass is difficult in a solid-state fermentation (SSF) process involving filamentous fungi since the mycelium and the solid...     

EFFICACY OF ‘SAFE’ LEVELS OF ANTIMICROBIAL FOOD ADDITIVES TO CONTROL MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS IN A SYNTHETIC DIET FOR AGRIA AFFINIS LARVAE

The ability of eight antimicrobial food additives to suppress the growth of seven micro-organisms in a chemically defined diet for an insect, Agria affinis auct. nec Fallén, was tested by inoculating a standard number of the microorganisms into the diet and determining the amount of microbial growth and the effects on the rate of growth and survival of the insect. The antibiotics, mycifradin sulfate, streptomycin sulphate, and tetracyn, suppressed the growth of bacteria, and aerosporin suppressed the growth of yeast at concentrations that were innocuous for the insect. Mold inhibitors were less effective, and failed to suppress the growth of a species of Aspergillus. Potassium sorbate suppressed the growth of yeast, bacteria, and species of Penicillium, but only at concentrations that adversely affected the rate of growth and survival of the insect.Antimicrobial compounds that are added to synthetic diets of insects to control contamination by microorganisms must be chosen carefully with due regard for the species of micro-organisms that are responsible for the most serious contamination, for the tolerance of the insect to the effective concentrations of the antimicrobials, and for the nutritional level of the synthetic diet.

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Résumé Ce travail montre que les contaminations expérimentales d'un milieu synthétique pour l'élevage axénique des larves d'Agria affinis a des effets défavorables ou nocifs, soit en retardant le développement, soit en provoquant une mortalité des divers stades. L'adjonction d'antibiotiques au milieu d'élevage, peut avec des doses appropriées, éviter les contaminations, sans affecter la croissance ou la survie de l'insecte.Les micro-organismes utilisés pour la contamination du milieu d'élevage sont: 2 bactéries (Serratia marcescens Bizio et Providencia alcalifaciens (De Salles Gomes), 1 levure (Rhodotorula sp.) 4 moississures (Penicillium sp. A, B et C et Aspergillus sp.).Les composés anti-microbiens utilisés sont: 5 antibiotiques (Aerosporin, Sulfate de Mycifradin, Penicilline G potassium, sulfate de Streptomycine, et Tetracyn) 3 mycostatiques (sorbate de potassium, benzoate de sodium et propionate de sodium). La mycifradine, la streptomycine et la tetracyne empêchent bien la développement des deux bactéries testées, l'aerosporine supprime celle de la levure (tout cela à des concentrations non-nocives pour l'insecte). Les mycostatiques furent moins efficaces en particulier contre une espèce d'Aspergillus. Le sorbate de potassium inhibe la croissance de la levure, des bactéries et de Penicillium, mais seulement à des doses qui sont défavorables à la croissance et à la survie de l'insecte. Les micro-organismes semblent exercer leurs effets nocifs en modifiant la consistance ou la valeur nutritive du milieu alimentaire des larves, plutôt qu'en provoquant des infections directes.Le choix des composés anti-microbiens qui peuvent être adjoints à un milieu alimentaire d'élevage pour des larves d'insectes doit donc être réalisé avec soin, en tenant compte d'une part, de leur efficacité réelle sur les germes dont on doit éviter la prolifération, d'autre part, de leur inocuité sur l'insecte aux doses utilisées.

     

A practical rearing method for leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Abstract

A colony maintenance system is described. This method allowed development of neonate larvae through to the adult stage, to be completed in the container without changing the diet or handling of various stages. It reduced larval inoculation time by c. 85% (as compared with rearing larvae individually). This reduced overall rearing costs.     

Apolipoprotein E Is a Ligand for Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2)

Several heterozygous missense mutations in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) have recently been linked to risk for a number of neurological disorders including Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease, and frontotemporal dementia. These discoveries have re-ignited interest in the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. TREM2 is highly expressed in microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Along with its adaptor protein, DAP12, TREM2 regulates inflammatory cytokine release and phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons. Here, we report apolipoprotein E (apoE) as a novel ligand for TREM2. Using a biochemical assay, we demonstrated high-affinity binding of apoE to human TREM2. The functional significance of this binding was highlighted by increased phagocytosis of apoE-bound apoptotic N2a cells by primary microglia in a manner that depends on TREM2 expression. Moreover, when the AD-associated TREM2-R47H mutant was used in biochemical assays, apoE binding was vastly reduced. Our data demonstrate that apoE-TREM2 interaction in microglia plays critical roles in modulating phagocytosis of apoE-bound apoptotic neurons and establish a critical link between two proteins whose genes are strongly linked to the risk for AD.     

Synthesis,topoisomerase I and II inhibitory activity,cytotoxicity, and structure–activity relationship study of hydroxylated 2,4-diphenyl-6-aryl pyridines

A new series of 2,4-diphenyl-6-aryl pyridines containing hydroxyl group(s) at the ortho, meta, or para position of the phenyl ring were synthesized, and evaluated for topoisomerase I and II inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines for the development of novel anticancer agents. Structure–activity relationship study revealed that the substitution of hydroxyl group(s) increased topoisomerase I and II inhibitory activity in the order of meta > para > ortho position. Substitution of hydroxyl group on the para position showed better cytotoxicity.     

Synthesis of 2-(thienyl-2-yl or -3-yl)-4-furyl-6-aryl pyridine derivatives and evaluation of their topoisomerase I and II inhibitory activity,cytotoxicity, and structure–activity relationship

A series of 2-(thienyl-2-yl or -3-yl)-4-furyl-6-aryl pyridine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their topoisomerase I and II inhibition and cytotoxic activity against several human cancer cell lines. Compounds 10–19 showed moderate topoisomerase I and II inhibitory activity and 20–29 showed significant topoisomerase II inhibitory activity. Structure–activity relationship study revealed that 4-(5-chlorofuran-2-yl)-2-(thiophen-3-yl) moiety has an important role in displaying topoisomerase II inhibition.     

Diverse compounds mimic Alzheimer disease-causing mutations by augmenting Abeta42 production

Increased Abeta42 production has been linked to the development of Alzheimer disease. We now identify a number of compounds that raise Abeta42. Among the more potent Abeta42-raising agents identified are fenofibrate, an antilipidemic agent, and celecoxib, a COX-2-selective NSAID. Many COX-2-selective NSAIDs tested raised Abeta42, including multiple COX-2-selective derivatives of two Abeta42-lowering NSAIDs. Compounds devoid of COX activity and the endogenous isoprenoids FPP and GGPP also raised Abeta42. These compounds seem to target the gamma-secretase complex, increasing gamma-secretase-catalyzed production of Abeta42 in vitro. Short-term in vivo studies show that two Abeta42-raising compounds increase Abeta42 levels in the brains of mice. The elevations in Abeta42 by these compounds are comparable to the increases in Abeta42 induced by Alzheimer disease-causing mutations in the genes encoding amyloid beta protein precursor and presenilins, raising the possibility that exogenous compounds or naturally occurring isoprenoids might increase Abeta42 production in humans.     

Fast Association Tests for Genes with FAST

Gene-based tests of association can increase the power of a genome-wide association study by aggregating multiple independent effects across a gene or locus into a single stronger signal. Recent gene-based tests have distinct approaches to selecting which variants to aggregate within a locus, modeling the effects of linkage disequilibrium, representing fractional allele counts from imputation, and managing permutation tests for p-values. Implementing these tests in a single, efficient framework has great practical value. Fast ASsociation Tests (Fast) addresses this need by implementing leading gene-based association tests together with conventional SNP-based univariate tests and providing a consolidated, easily interpreted report. Fast scales readily to genome-wide SNP data with millions of SNPs and tens of thousands of individuals, provides implementations that are orders of magnitude faster than original literature reports, and provides a unified framework for performing several gene based association tests concurrently and efficiently on the same data. Availability: https://bitbucket.org/baderlab/fast/downloads/FAST.tar.gz, with documentation at https://bitbucket.org/baderlab/fast/wiki/Home     

Micropropagation of Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig through rhizome bud

An optimized protocol was developed for in vitro plant regeneration of a medicinally important herb Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig using sprouted buds of rhizomes. The rhizomes with sprouted bud were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (Physiol Plant 15:473–497, 1962) medium (MS) supplemented with either N⁶-benzyladenine (BA) alone (1.0–4.0 mg L⁻¹) or in combination with 0.5 mg L⁻¹ naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Of these combinations, MS supplemented with a combination of 2.0 mg L⁻¹ BA and 0.5 mg L⁻¹ NAA was most effective. In this medium, best shoots (3.6) and roots (4.0) regeneration was observed simultaneously with an average shoot and root length of 4.7 cm and 4.2 cm respectively. Regeneration of shoots and roots in the same medium at the same time (One step shoot and root regeneration) reduced the time for production of in vitro plantlets and eliminates the media cost of rooting. Cent-percent (100 %) success in plant establishment was observed in both gradual acclimatization process as well as when plants were directly transferred to outdoor in clay pots containing a mixture of garden soil and sand (2:1) without any sequential acclimatization stage.