EFFICACY OF ‘SAFE’ LEVELS OF ANTIMICROBIAL FOOD ADDITIVES TO CONTROL MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS IN A SYNTHETIC DIET FOR AGRIA AFFINIS LARVAE

The ability of eight antimicrobial food additives to suppress the growth of seven micro-organisms in a chemically defined diet for an insect, Agria affinis auct. nec Fallén, was tested by inoculating a standard number of the microorganisms into the diet and determining the amount of microbial growth and the effects on the rate of growth and survival of the insect. The antibiotics, mycifradin sulfate, streptomycin sulphate, and tetracyn, suppressed the growth of bacteria, and aerosporin suppressed the growth of yeast at concentrations that were innocuous for the insect. Mold inhibitors were less effective, and failed to suppress the growth of a species of Aspergillus. Potassium sorbate suppressed the growth of yeast, bacteria, and species of Penicillium, but only at concentrations that adversely affected the rate of growth and survival of the insect.Antimicrobial compounds that are added to synthetic diets of insects to control contamination by microorganisms must be chosen carefully with due regard for the species of micro-organisms that are responsible for the most serious contamination, for the tolerance of the insect to the effective concentrations of the antimicrobials, and for the nutritional level of the synthetic diet.

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Résumé Ce travail montre que les contaminations expérimentales d'un milieu synthétique pour l'élevage axénique des larves d'Agria affinis a des effets défavorables ou nocifs, soit en retardant le développement, soit en provoquant une mortalité des divers stades. L'adjonction d'antibiotiques au milieu d'élevage, peut avec des doses appropriées, éviter les contaminations, sans affecter la croissance ou la survie de l'insecte.Les micro-organismes utilisés pour la contamination du milieu d'élevage sont: 2 bactéries (Serratia marcescens Bizio et Providencia alcalifaciens (De Salles Gomes), 1 levure (Rhodotorula sp.) 4 moississures (Penicillium sp. A, B et C et Aspergillus sp.).Les composés anti-microbiens utilisés sont: 5 antibiotiques (Aerosporin, Sulfate de Mycifradin, Penicilline G potassium, sulfate de Streptomycine, et Tetracyn) 3 mycostatiques (sorbate de potassium, benzoate de sodium et propionate de sodium). La mycifradine, la streptomycine et la tetracyne empêchent bien la développement des deux bactéries testées, l'aerosporine supprime celle de la levure (tout cela à des concentrations non-nocives pour l'insecte). Les mycostatiques furent moins efficaces en particulier contre une espèce d'Aspergillus. Le sorbate de potassium inhibe la croissance de la levure, des bactéries et de Penicillium, mais seulement à des doses qui sont défavorables à la croissance et à la survie de l'insecte. Les micro-organismes semblent exercer leurs effets nocifs en modifiant la consistance ou la valeur nutritive du milieu alimentaire des larves, plutôt qu'en provoquant des infections directes.Le choix des composés anti-microbiens qui peuvent être adjoints à un milieu alimentaire d'élevage pour des larves d'insectes doit donc être réalisé avec soin, en tenant compte d'une part, de leur efficacité réelle sur les germes dont on doit éviter la prolifération, d'autre part, de leur inocuité sur l'insecte aux doses utilisées.

     

Differential Rates of Uptake of Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose by Pea Stem Protoplasts

Protoplasts from growing regions of etiolated pea stems takeup glucose more rapidly than fructose when supplied for briefperiods at low concentrations. The uptake of the two hexosesis differentially inhibited by galactoac and by reagents thatcurtail ATP synthesis, and uptake of one hexose is not preventedby the other, even at a 100-fold excess. Sucrose uptake is muchslower than that of either hexose and is correlated with theappearance of invertase activity in the medium. Label from [¹⁴C-glc]-sucroseis taken up more rapidly than from [¹⁴C-fru]-sucrose. It isconcluded that these cells take up supplied sucrose only afterhydrolysis to hexoses, which are then absorbed by differentcarrier-mediated processes. Key words: Glucose, fructose, invertase, pea, protoplast, sucrose     

两种草蛉对取食棉花的扶桑绵粉蚧的嗅觉反应（英文）

捕食性的普通草蛉Chrysoperla sp.（carnea group） 和安平草蛉Mallada desjardinsi（Navas）（脉翅目:草蛉科）的寄主-生境定位取决于其觅食行为以及对各阶段释放的植物气味的行为反应.本研究调查了这两种交配的草蛉成虫以及取食棉花的扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis的反应,以便了解它们之间的三重营养关系.结果表明：草蛉雄虫和雌虫均能感受到棉花植株释放的绿叶挥发物;植株的各个阶段均可使捕食性昆虫和绵粉蚧定位.在受绵粉蚧为害的棉叶上饱和烃含量高,说明草蛉成虫的反应更为强烈;在植株受为害期和开花期释放捕食性昆虫,可提高田间捕食性昆虫的作用.这些结果提示有效的生物防治取决于捕食性昆虫在植株上的天然定殖能力以及对害虫的吞食能力.     

A substitution mutation in OsCCD7 cosegregates with dwarf and increased tillering phenotype in rice

Dwarf plant height and tillering ability are two of the most important agronomic traits that determine the plant architecture, and have profound influence on grain yield in rice. To understand the molecular mechanism controlling these two traits, an EMS-induced recessive dwarf and increased tillering1 (dit1) mutant was characterized. The mutant showed proportionate reduction in each internode as compared to wild type revealing that it belonged to the category of dn-type of dwarf mutants. Besides, exogenous application of GA3 and 24-epibrassinolide, did not have any effect on the phenotype of the mutant. The gene was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 4, identified through positional candidate approach and verified by cosegregation analysis. It was found to encode carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase7 (CCD7) and identified as an allele of htd1. The mutant carried substitution of two nucleotides CC to AA in the sixth exon of the gene that resulted in substitution of serine by a stop codon in the mutant, and thus formation of a truncated protein, unlike amino acid substitution event in htd1. The new allele will facilitate further functional characterization of this gene, which may lead to unfolding of newer signalling pathways involving plant development and architecture.     

Complete mitochondrial genome of threatened mahseer <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tor tor</Emphasis> (Hamilton 1822) and its phylogenetic relationship within Cyprinidae family

The mahseers (Tor, Neolissochilus and Naziritor) are an important group of fishes endemic to Asia with the conservation status of most species evaluated as threatened. Conservation plans to revive these declining wild populations are hindered by unstable taxonomy. Molecular phylogeny studies with mitochondrial genome have been successfully used to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree and to resolve taxonomic ambiguity. In the present study, complete mitochondrial genome of Tor tor has been sequenced using ion torrent next-generation sequencing platform with coverage of more than 1000 ×. Comparative mitogenome analysis shows higher divergence value at ND1 gene than COI gene. Further, occurrence of a distinct genetic lineage of T. tor is revealed. The phylogenetic relationship among mahseer group has been defined as Neolissochilus hexagonolepis ((T. sinensis (T. putitora, T. tor), (T. khudree, T. tambroides)).     

Apolipoprotein E Is a Ligand for Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2)

Several heterozygous missense mutations in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) have recently been linked to risk for a number of neurological disorders including Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease, and frontotemporal dementia. These discoveries have re-ignited interest in the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. TREM2 is highly expressed in microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Along with its adaptor protein, DAP12, TREM2 regulates inflammatory cytokine release and phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons. Here, we report apolipoprotein E (apoE) as a novel ligand for TREM2. Using a biochemical assay, we demonstrated high-affinity binding of apoE to human TREM2. The functional significance of this binding was highlighted by increased phagocytosis of apoE-bound apoptotic N2a cells by primary microglia in a manner that depends on TREM2 expression. Moreover, when the AD-associated TREM2-R47H mutant was used in biochemical assays, apoE binding was vastly reduced. Our data demonstrate that apoE-TREM2 interaction in microglia plays critical roles in modulating phagocytosis of apoE-bound apoptotic neurons and establish a critical link between two proteins whose genes are strongly linked to the risk for AD.