Molecular characterization and differential expression studies of an oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) gene of Brahmi (Bacopa monniera)

Triterpenoid saponins are the class of secondary metabolites, synthesized via isoprenoid pathway. Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) catalyzes the cyclization of 2, 3-oxidosqualene to various triterpene skeletons, the first committed step in triterpenoid biosynthesis. A full-length oxidosqualene cyclase cDNA from Bacopa monniera (BmOSC) was isolated and characterized. The open reading frame (ORF) of BmOSC consists of 2,292 bp, encoding 764 amino acid residues with an apparent molecular mass of 87.62 kDa and theoretical pI 6.21. It contained four QxxxxxW motifs, one Asp-Cys-Thr-Ala-Glu (DCTAE) motif which is highly conserved among the triterpene synthases and another MWCYCR motif involved in the formation of triterpenoid skeletons. The deduced amino acid sequence of BmOSC shares 80.5 % & 71.8 % identity and 89.7 % & 83.5 % similarity with Olea europaea mixed amyrin synthase and Panax notoginseng dammarenediol synthase respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BmOSC is closely related with other plant OSCs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) data showed that BmOSC is expressed in all tissues examined with higher expression in stem and leaves as compared to roots and floral parts.     

Impact of In-Situ CO2 Nano-Bubbles Generation on Freezing Parameters of Selected Liquid Foods

The impact of in-situ CO₂ nano-bubbles generation on the freezing properties of soft serve, milk, and apple juice was investigated. Carbonated (0, 1000, and 2000 ppm) liquid foods contained in a tube were submerged and cooled for 90 min in a pre-set ethylene glycol bath (−15 °C). Before the enclosed liquid reached 0 °C, the vibration was discharged through ultrasound in the bath to create nano-bubbles within the carbonated food samples, and the changes in temperature for 90 min of each food were recorded as a freezing curve. The time for onset of nucleation of control soft serve mix was halved in samples with 2000-ppm CO₂ due to the presence of nano-bubbles. Likewise, the nucleation time for milk with and without nano-bubbles at the same CO₂ concentration of 2000 ppm was 7.9 ± 0.1 and 2.8 ± 0.8 min_, respectively. The generation of CO₂ nano-bubbles from 2000-ppm CO₂ level in 10 ^oBx apple juice displayed −9.3 ± 0.3 °C nucleation temperature while the control one had −11.7 ± 0.9 °C.

     

Molecular characterization of major and minor rDNA repeats and genetic variability assessment in different species of mahseer found in North India

Relationship among the mahseer species (Family: Cyprinidae) has long been debated in fish systematics. Present study concentrates on the nature of the phylogenetic relationship among the five mahseer species using the sequence of major ribosomal DNA (45S rDNA). We have covered rDNA sequence of approximately 5.2 kb per individual, 26.0 kb per species and 130.0 kb as a whole. We also characterized the 45S and 5S rDNA regions with respect to their nucleotide composition. For phylogenetic analyses, nucleotide sequences were divided into four datasets. First and second datasets contained 18S rDNA and ITS1 sequence, whereas third and fourth datasets consisted of ITS2 and complete 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S, respectively. The NJ tree was constructed for all the datasets. The mahseer species under study formed a monophyletic group well separated from the outgroup species. Similarly, the individuals of Neolissochilus hexagonolepis form monophyletic group with Tor species, indicating Neolissochilus as a sister genus of Tor. The findings from the present study provide greater insights into taxonomic status of mahseer, and set the stage for future investigations dealing with phylo-geography, taxonomy, conservation and co-evolution within this interesting and important group of fish.     

Coriaria duthiei sp. nov. (Coriariaceae) from the Indo–Pak region

A new species of Coriaria L. (Coriariaceae), C. duthiei D. K. Singh & Pusalkar is described and illustrated from the Indo–Pak region. A key to the species of the genus and their distribution is provided.     

Current perspective of TACE inhibitors: A review

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is one of the most common autoimmune inflammatory conditions, affecting approximately 1% of the adult population worldwide. TNF-α is a pleitropic, pro-inflammatory cytokine which plays a pivotal role in the origin and progression of RA and other immune mediated disorders. The success of anti-TNF-α biological agents proved that inhibition of TNF-α could result in effective control of RA. Since the discovery of anti-TNF-α biologicals, much efforts have gone into developing an orally bioavailable small size TNF-α antagonist. One of the ways to block TNF-α in biological fluids is to inhibit TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE). This target has been validated in preclinical trials using TACE inhibitors. But, even after more than a decade no single TACE inhibitor has passed the Phase II clinical trials. Very recently, it has been shown that TACE inhibitors could also be used for inhibition of pathogenic EGFR signaling in cancer. Hence, TACE inhibitors could perform a dual role, in curing not only RA but also certain cancerous conditions. Developments in the field have prompted us to review the research work on TACE inhibitors, especially their structure activity relationships and molecular modeling studies.     

pH-dependent nitration of para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the stomach

The major urinary metabolite of nitrotyrosine is 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-Nitro-HPA). However, recent animal studies have shown that the majority of urinary 3-Nitro-HPA is derived from nitration of endogenous para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA), a metabolite of tyrosine. One potential site for the formation of 3-Nitro-HPA is the stomach, where nitrous acid is formed by the reaction of nitrite in saliva with gastric acid. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is pH-dependent nitration of salivary para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid or tyrosine, and the effects of dietary nitrate. Healthy volunteers (n = 18) ingested either a low or high nitrate diet, with and without the administration of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor. Urinary 3-Nitro-HPA excretion increased from 197 +/- 52 to 319 +/- 88 microg/day on switching from a low to a high nitrate diet (P < 0.05), and decreased (166 +/- 53 mug/day, P < 0.05) when gastric pH was increased by omeprazole. To determine whether 3-Nitro-HPA can be formed by nitration of para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the stomach, 500 microg of deuterated para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was ingested with a high nitrate meal. This led to the excretion of both deuterated HPA and 3-Nitro-HPA in the urine, confirming that para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is absorbed, and nitrated. Since omeprazole decreases the formation of 3-Nitro-HPA, presumably by decreasing the nitration of endogenous para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid present in saliva, and the observation that ingested deuterated para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is nitrated and excreted, we conclude that endogenous para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is nitrated in the stomach, absorbed, and excreted as 3-Nitro-HPA.