全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1203篇 |
免费 | 89篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
1296篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 10篇 |
2021年 | 25篇 |
2020年 | 23篇 |
2019年 | 18篇 |
2018年 | 26篇 |
2017年 | 21篇 |
2016年 | 38篇 |
2015年 | 55篇 |
2014年 | 67篇 |
2013年 | 93篇 |
2012年 | 104篇 |
2011年 | 81篇 |
2010年 | 46篇 |
2009年 | 60篇 |
2008年 | 58篇 |
2007年 | 59篇 |
2006年 | 58篇 |
2005年 | 57篇 |
2004年 | 54篇 |
2003年 | 59篇 |
2002年 | 57篇 |
2001年 | 6篇 |
2000年 | 12篇 |
1999年 | 11篇 |
1998年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1996年 | 7篇 |
1995年 | 9篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 13篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 13篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
1967年 | 4篇 |
1966年 | 3篇 |
1955年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1296条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
171.
David Eme Maja Zagmajster Cene Fier Diana Galassi Pierre Marmonier Fabio Stoch Jean‐Francois Cornu Thierry Oberdorff Florian Malard 《Ecography》2015,38(5):531-540
The recognition of multi‐causality and spatial non‐stationarity in the determinants of large‐scale biodiversity patterns requires to consider the role of multiple mechanisms, their interactions, and how these mechanisms vary in strength relative to each other across geographical space. Here, we challenge the view that historical climate stability primarily drives European patterns of groundwater crustacean diversity by testing also the role of spatial heterogeneity and productive energy. First, we predicted that the three mechanisms would be equally important at continental scale when analyzed separately, but that the importance of historical climate variability would weaken in joint analyses due to co‐variation with the two other mechanisms. Second, we predicted that the three mechanisms would exhibit predictable latitudinal changes in their relative strength. To test these predictions, we selected predictors representing each mechanism and analyzed separately and jointly their effects and interactions using global regression models. We further mapped the independent and overlapping effects of mechanisms across Europe using partial geographically weighted regressions. When analyzed separately, the three mechanisms explained the same amount of variation in species richness, but in the joint analysis, the influence of historical climate stability became hidden in the variation shared with the other mechanisms. Topographic heterogeneity interacted synergistically with actual evapotranspiration and habitat heterogeneity on species richness. Spatial non‐stationarity in the independent and overlapping effects of the three mechanisms was the most plausible explanation for the hump‐shaped latitudinal pattern of crustacean species richness. Productive energy and spatial heterogeneity were important predictors at mid and southern latitudes, whereas historical climate stability overlapped with the two other mechanisms in northern Europe and productive energy in southern Europe. Multi‐causality and spatial non‐stationarity provide a broader perspective of groundwater biodiversity determinants that revives the importance of spatial heterogeneity and the strong dependence of subterranean communities on food supply from the surface. 相似文献
172.
173.
Effect of Protein, Polysaccharide, and Oxygen Concentration Profiles on Biofilm Cohesiveness 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Francois Ahimou Michael J. Semmens Greg Haugstad Paige J. Novak 《Applied microbiology》2007,73(9):2905-2910
It is important to control biofilm cohesiveness to optimize process performance. In this study, a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor inoculated with activated sludge was used to grow mixed-culture biofilms of different ages and thicknesses. The cohesions, or cohesive energy levels per unit volume of biofilm, based on a reproducible method using atomic force microscopy (F. Ahimou, M. J. Semmens, P. J. Novak, and G. Haugstad, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:2897-2904, 2007), were determined at different locations within the depths of the biofilms. In addition, the protein and polysaccharide concentrations within the biofilm depths, as well as the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration profiles within the biofilms, were measured. It was found that biofilm cohesion increased with depth but not with age. Level of biofilm cohesive energy per unit volume was strongly correlated with biofilm polysaccharide concentration, which increased with depth in the membrane-aerated biofilm. In a 12-day-old biofilm, DO also increased with depth and may therefore be linked to polysaccharide production. In contrast, protein concentration was relatively constant within the biofilm and did not appear to influence cohesion. 相似文献
174.
Jirasko V Montserret R Lee JY Gouttenoire J Moradpour D Penin F Bartenschlager R 《PLoS pathogens》2010,6(12):e1001233
Non-structural protein 2 (NS2) plays an important role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) assembly, but neither the exact contribution of this protein to the assembly process nor its complete structure are known. In this study we used a combination of genetic, biochemical and structural methods to decipher the role of NS2 in infectious virus particle formation. A large panel of NS2 mutations targeting the N-terminal membrane binding region was generated. They were selected based on a membrane topology model that we established by determining the NMR structures of N-terminal NS2 transmembrane segments. Mutants affected in virion assembly, but not RNA replication, were selected for pseudoreversion in cell culture. Rescue mutations restoring virus assembly to various degrees emerged in E2, p7, NS3 and NS2 itself arguing for an interaction between these proteins. To confirm this assumption we developed a fully functional JFH1 genome expressing an N-terminally tagged NS2 demonstrating efficient pull-down of NS2 with p7, E2 and NS3 and, to a lower extent, NS5A. Several of the mutations blocking virus assembly disrupted some of these interactions that were restored to various degrees by those pseudoreversions that also restored assembly. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed a time-dependent NS2 colocalization with E2 at sites close to lipid droplets (LDs) together with NS3 and NS5A. Importantly, NS2 of a mutant defective in assembly abrogates NS2 colocalization around LDs with E2 and NS3, which is restored by a pseudoreversion in p7, whereas NS5A is recruited to LDs in an NS2-independent manner. In conclusion, our results suggest that NS2 orchestrates HCV particle formation by participation in multiple protein-protein interactions required for their recruitment to assembly sites in close proximity of LDs. 相似文献
175.
Zinaida Doubeikovskaia Anne Aries Pierre Jeannesson Francois Morle Alexandre Doubeikovski 《Protein expression and purification》2001,23(3):426-431
GATA-1 is a key regulator of terminal erythroid differentiation in mammals and birds. The structural and biochemical studies of human GATA-1 (hGATA-1) are limited by the difficulty of its purification in a sufficient amount. Here we describe the procedure for obtaining pure bacterial recombinant hGATA-1 in an active functional state. We demonstrate that this protein may be successfully used for preparing an affinity column, producing GATA-1-specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies, and studying DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions. 相似文献
176.
Regulatory elements of the melanocortin 1 receptor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
177.
The vegetative hormone Auxin is involved in vascular tissues formation throughout the plant. Trans-membrane carrier proteins transporting auxin from cell to cell and distributed asymmetrically around each cell give to auxin a polarized movement in tissues, creating streams of auxin that presume future vascular bundles. According to the canalization hypothesis, auxin transport ability of cells is thought to increase with auxin flux, resulting in the self-enhancement of this flux along auxin paths. In this study we evaluate a series of models based on canalization hypothesis using carrier proteins, under different assumptions concerning auxin flux formation and carrier protein dynamics. Simulations are run on a hexagonal lattice with uniform auxin production. A single cell located in the margin of the lattice indicates the petiole, and acts as an auxin sink. The main results are: (1) We obtain branching auxin distribution patterns. (2) The type of self-enhancement described by the functional form of the carrier proteins regulation responding to the auxin flux intensity in different parts of a cell, has a strong effect on the possibility of generating the branching patterns. For response functions with acceleration in the increase of carrier protein numbers compared to the auxin flux, branching patterns are likely to be generated. For linear or decelerating response functions, no branching patterns are formed. (3) When branching patterns are formed, auxin distribution greatly differs between the case in which the number of carrier proteins in different parts of a cell are regulated independently, and the case in which different parts of a cell compete for a limited number of carrier proteins. In the former case, the auxin level is lower in veins than in the surrounding tissue, while in the latter, the auxin is present in greater abundance in veins. These results suggest that canalization is a good candidate for describing plant vein pattern formation. 相似文献
178.
Veyrat-Durebex C Pomerleau L Langlois D Gaudreau P 《Journal of cellular physiology》2005,203(2):335-344
Internalization and intracellular trafficking of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) were studied in rat anterior pituitary and human (h) and rat (r) GHRH-R-transfected BHK cells, with the GHRH agonist, [N(alpha)-5-carboxyfluoresceinyl-D-Ala(2), Ala(8), Ala(15), Lys(22)]hGHRH(1-29)NH(2) (Fluo-GHRH). Time- and temperature-dependent internalization of stimulated GHRH-R was blocked by phenyl arsine oxide (PAO) in both cell types. In anterior pituitary and rGHRH-R-transfected BHK cells, only filipin III and cerulenin blocked receptor-mediated internalization of Fluo-GHRH while in hGHRH-R-transfected BHK cells, only hyperosmolar sucrose inhibited this process. These results suggest that hGHRH-R internalization is clathrin-dependent, while fatty acid acylation of rGHRH-R appears to be a prerequisite to caveolin-dependent internalization. Experiments in anterior pituitary using Bodipy-FL-C(5) ganglioside GM1, a specific marker of lipid rafts such as caveolae, confirmed this latter pathway. Co-localization of Fluo-GHRH with LysoTracker indicated that Fluo-GHRH was directed to acidic organelles in both cell types. Finally, studies using cycloheximide and monensin showed that upon stimulation with GHRH, an optimal concentration of functional GHRH-R was maintained at the plasma membrane due to de novo synthesis and recycling in pituitary cells and to de novo synthesis solely in hGHRH-R-transfected BHK cells. This first study on the dynamics of the GHRH/GHRH-R complexes using fluorescence imaging in a native environment compared to cell system models, revealed that both receptor primary structure and concentration at the plasma membrane play important roles in internalization and trafficking of specific G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). 相似文献
179.
180.
Doucet C Dutheil D Petit I Zhang K Eugene M Touchard G Wahl A Seguin F Milinkevitch S Hauet T Mauco G 《Biochimica et biophysica acta》2004,1673(3):105-114
In organ transplantation, preservation injury is an important factor which could influence short-term and long-term graft outcome. The renal medulla is particularly sensitive to oxidant stress and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Using an autotransplant pig kidney model, we investigated renal function and medullary damage determined between day 1 and week 2 after 24- or 48-h cold storage in different preservation solutions: University of Wisconsin solution (UW), Hopital Edouard Herriot solution (a high Na+ version of UW), ECPEG (high Na+ preservation solution with PEG) and ICPEG (a high K+ version of ECPEG) with or without trimetazidine (TMZ). TMZ improved renal preservation and increased renal function when added in each preservation solution (particularly HEH and ECPEG). Medullary damage led to the early appearance of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) followed by 1H-NMR in urine and plasma. TMZ and ECPEG is the most efficient association to reduce medullary damage. This study clarifies the role of colloid and polarity solution and the role of mitochondrial protection by TMZ. 相似文献