The Structure of the Transposable Genetic Element ISBsu2 from the Cryptic Plasmid p1516 of a Soil Bacillus subtilis Strain and the Presence of Homologues of This Element in the Chromosomes of Various Bacillus subtilis Strains

A cryptic plasmid from a soil strain of Bacillus subtiliswas found to contain a sequence having features of an IS element. Homologous sequences were also found in the chromosome of this strain and in the chromosomes of some other B. subtilis strains.     

Bacterial toxin–antitoxin systems: Properties,functional significance,and possibility of use (Review)

Toxin–antitoxin systems are genetic modules usually consisting of two genes encoding a stable toxin and labile antidote (antitoxin). These systems are localized on plasmids, phages, and chromosomes and are widespread in bacteria and archaea. The review summarizes recent data regarding the classifications of toxin–antitoxin systems, their mechanisms of action and toxin targets, as well as their functional significance for bacterial cells and possibility of use.