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61.
John W. Pohlman 《Hydrobiologia》2011,677(1):33-51
Recent investigations of anchialine caves and sinkholes have identified complex food webs dependent on detrital and, in some
cases, chemosynthetically produced organic matter. Chemosynthetic microbes in anchialine systems obtain energy from reduced
compounds produced during organic matter degradation (e.g., sulfide, ammonium, and methane), similar to what occurs in deep
ocean cold seeps and mud volcanoes, but distinct from dominant processes operating at hydrothermal vents and sulfurous mineral
caves where the primary energy source is mantle derived. This review includes case studies from both anchialine and non-anchialine
habitats, where evidence for in situ chemosynthetic production of organic matter and its subsequent transfer to higher trophic
level metazoans is documented. The energy sources and pathways identified are synthesized to develop conceptual models for
elemental cycles and energy cascades that occur within oligotrophic and eutrophic anchialine caves. Strategies and techniques
for testing the hypothesis of chemosynthesis as an active process in anchialine caves are also suggested. 相似文献
62.
Hydrogels that mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) are used in three-dimensional cell culture, cell therapy, and tissue engineering. A semi-synthetic ECM based on cross-linked hyaluronana offers experimental control of both composition and gel stiffness. The mechanical properties of the ECM in part determine the ultimate cell phenotype. We now describe a rheological study of synthetic ECM hydrogels with storage shear moduli that span three orders of magnitude, from 11 to 3 500 Pa, a range important for engineering of soft tissues. The concentration of the chemically modified HA and the cross-linking density were the main determinants of gel stiffness. Increase in the ratio of thiol-modified gelatin reduced gel stiffness by diluting the effective concentration of the HA component. 相似文献
63.