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61.
L. O. BJÖRN 《Physiologia plantarum》1976,37(3):183-184
The protochlorophyll(ide) present in primary roots of dark-grown corn (Zea mays) seedlings has an in vivo absorption maximum at 634 nm. Red light converts the pigment to chlorophyll(ide) a with an absorption maximum at 675 nm. 相似文献
62.
Seasonal and Experimentally Induced Changes in the Ultrastructure of Chloroplasts of Pinus silvestris 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The ultrastructure of chloroplasts in mesophyll cells of Pinus silvesris was examined under the electron microscope. Secondary needles were regularly sampled from a tree in a natural stand for one year. Primary needles from one-year-old seedlings exposed to frost hardening and dehardening conditions in a controlled environment chamber were also studied. These seedlings were exposed to 8 or 55 W m-2. All needles were put in fixative at the different sampling dates and stored in a refrigerator until they were prepared for electron microscopy at the end of the experimental period. During the summer the choroplasts were symmetrically shaped and heavily loaded with starch. The membrane systems were well developed and consisted of both grana and stroma thylakoids. In autumn and during early artificial frost hardening the starch content was reduced, the chloroplasts appeared amoeboid and membrane-free stroma regions were seen. Later the chloroplasts became swollen and aggregated in one part of the cell. Starch was lost and the chloroplasts aggregated earlier at 8 W m-2 than at 55 W m-2. During winter the stroma thylakoids were first reduced in number and later even the grana thylakoids were damaged, resulting in mostly disorganized single membranes. Also the chloroplast envelope disappeared. In spring and early summer the chloroplasts migrated to the proximity of the cell walls. The membrane systems were reorganized and starch accumulated. During the first days of artificial dehardening the photosynthetic membranes were severely damaged, especially at 55 W m-2, but soon new membranes were formed. Starch accumulated earlier at 55 than at 8 W m-2. The reported ultrastructural variations are discussed in relation to functional and biochemical fluctuations caused by the season or by artificial variations in the climate as demonstrated earlier. 相似文献
63.
G. S. BJÖRN 《Physiologia plantarum》1979,46(4):281-286
Phycochrome b, one of the reversibly photochromic pigments found in Tolypothrix distorta seems to exist in only two forms: Pb500 and Pb570. The pigment has been spectroscopically demonstrated in vivo. It has also been separated from other pigments. Two different methods for separation have been used: isoelectric focusing and gel filtration. Preparations of purified phycobilisomes contain phycochrome b. The in vivo and in vitro absorption difference spectra were determined as well as action spectra for the conversions in vitro and in vivo of Pb500 to Pb570 and vice versa. Transformation kinetics of phycochrome b show that the conversions in both directions are initially first-order reactions. 相似文献
64.
BØRN ØKLAND 《Freshwater Biology》1991,25(3):485-495
SUMMARY 1. A laboratory study of egg development of the stonefly Isoperla obscura (Zetterstedt) collected from the stream Flybekken (southern Norway, 61°25'N, 8°48'E, 1373 m a.s.l.) showed a short diapause followed by a prolonged period of postdiapause quiescence.
2. Diapause occurred over a wide range of temperatures (−20°C to +8°C), but 0–1°C was the most favourable for fast diapause development and successful hatching. Diapause development required temperatures below 12°C, but sub-zero diapause temperatures increased mortality during the postdiapause phase, as well as reducing hatching success.
3. The threshold for initiation of postdiapausal development was about 1–2°C. Development rate increased and variation in development time decreased at higher water temperatures. These may be important characteristics to ensure seasonal and geographical synchrony of development in individual populations. Low postdiapausal temperatures were unfavourable, despite a subsequent increase in water temperature. No response to postdiapausal photoperiod was detected.
4. The results agreed well with conditions noted in the natural environment, and with the abundance of this species at high altitudes and latitudes in Fennoscandia. Nevertheless, Isoperla obscura also occurs in streams in the maritime parts of western Norway. The results of the present study suggest that egg development in these populations will prove to be different. 相似文献
2. Diapause occurred over a wide range of temperatures (−20°C to +8°C), but 0–1°C was the most favourable for fast diapause development and successful hatching. Diapause development required temperatures below 12°C, but sub-zero diapause temperatures increased mortality during the postdiapause phase, as well as reducing hatching success.
3. The threshold for initiation of postdiapausal development was about 1–2°C. Development rate increased and variation in development time decreased at higher water temperatures. These may be important characteristics to ensure seasonal and geographical synchrony of development in individual populations. Low postdiapausal temperatures were unfavourable, despite a subsequent increase in water temperature. No response to postdiapausal photoperiod was detected.
4. The results agreed well with conditions noted in the natural environment, and with the abundance of this species at high altitudes and latitudes in Fennoscandia. Nevertheless, Isoperla obscura also occurs in streams in the maritime parts of western Norway. The results of the present study suggest that egg development in these populations will prove to be different. 相似文献
65.
BJ
RN EKMEHAG BERTIL PERSSON PATRIK RORSMAN HANS RORSMAN 《Pigment cell & melanoma research》1994,7(5):333-338
The electrophysiological properties of cultured human melanocytes were investigated using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. Depolarizations to membrane potentials more positive than -30 mV resulted in the rapid development (<1 ms to peak) of an inward current. The maximum peak current was observed at +10 mV and reached an average amplitude of about 270 pA. During the depolarizations, the current inactivated with a time constant of about 2 ms. The current was abolished by the addition of 0.3 μM tetrodotoxin, a blocker of voltage-gated Na+-channels, and disappeared when Na+ was omitted from the extracellular medium. In addition, the melanocytes contain at least two types of outward K+-current. The first type, observed in every cell, was highly sensitive (Ki 1 mM) to the K+-channel blocker TEA, required depolarizations beyond zero to be activated and did not inactivate. The second type was less regularly observed (10% of the cells). This current activated at more negative voltages (–20 mV), was resistant to TEA (20 mM) but was blocked by 2 mM 4-aminopyridine and inactivated rapidly during depolarizations. We conclude that human melanocytes are equipped with voltage-dependent Na+-channels, a delayed rectifying K+-current and a K+-current similar to the A-current in neurones. 相似文献
66.
67.
BJöRN E. E. NEUMAN 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》1988,21(2):97-114
Examination of some well-preserved specimens of Silurian rugose corals from Gotland reveals that the following categories of life strategies can be distinguished: ambitopic, liberosessile, fixosessile, rhizosessile and possibly limited vagile. Most solitary rugose corals appear to have been liberosessile and are characterized by initial attachment to a small sediment grain but subsequently becoming recumbent on a soft substrate. Detailed studies of Phaulactis angelini, Holophragma calceoloides, Laccophyllum lindstroemi, Rhegmaphyllum conulus and Rhabdocyclus ocksaroensis n. sp., and comparison with earlier described species, provide some new aspects on different life strategies for solitary corals. 相似文献
68.
Exploring soil microbial 16S rRNA sequence data to increase carbon yield and nitrogen efficiency of a bioenergy crop 下载免费PDF全文
Leonardo M. Pitombo Janaína B. do Carmo Mattias de Hollander Raffaella Rossetto Maryeimy V. López Heitor Cantarella Eiko E. Kuramae 《Global Change Biology Bioenergy》2016,8(5):867-879
Crop residues returned to the soil are important for the preservation of soil quality, health, and biodiversity, and they increase agriculture sustainability by recycling nutrients. Sugarcane is a bioenergy crop that produces huge amounts of straw (also known as trash) every year. In addition to straw, the ethanol industry also generates large volumes of vinasse, a liquid residue of ethanol production, which is recycled in sugarcane fields as fertilizer. However, both straw and vinasse have an impact on N2O fluxes from the soil. Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas that is a primary concern in biofuel sustainability. Because bacteria and archaea are the main drivers of N redox processes in soil, in this study we propose the identification of taxa related with N2O fluxes by combining functional responses (N2O release) and the abundance of these microorganisms in soil. Using a large‐scale in situ experiment with ten treatments, an intensive gas monitoring approach, high‐throughput sequencing of soil microbial 16S rRNA gene and powerful statistical methods, we identified microbes related to N2O fluxes in soil with sugarcane crops. In addition to the classical denitrifiers, we identified taxa within the phylum Firmicutes and mostly uncharacterized taxa recently described as important drivers of N2O consumption. Treatments with straw and vinasse also allowed the identification of taxa with potential biotechnological properties that might improve the sustainability of bioethanol by increasing C yields and improving N efficiency in sugarcane fields. 相似文献
69.
Chloroplasts isolated from pine needles were found to be inactive with respect to CO2 fixation. Since it was suspected that pine needles may contain substances inhibitory to photosynthesis, studies were carried out using photosynthetically active isolated spinach chloroplasts and chloroplasts isolated from pine needles. When isolated pine chloroplasts were suspended in buffer and were added to isolated spinach chloroplasts they inhibited photosynthetic CO2 fixation. When the pine chloroplasts were separated from the medium by centrifugation, the separated pine chloroplasts severely inhibited CO2 fixation by isolated spinach chloroplasts, but the supernatant solution from the pine chloroplasts was not inhibitory. As little as 5% pine chloroplasts (based on chlorophyll content) produced 50% inhibition of CO2 fixation by the spinach chloroplasts. Studies of fixation of 14C-labelled CO2 by spinach chloroplasts were carried out in which after 5 min photosynthesis the pine chloroplasts were added. It was found that the subsequent inhibition of spinach CO2 fixation was neither due to any effect on the rate of export of photosynthetic metabolites from the chloroplasts to the medium, nor to a direct effect on the RUBP carboxylase reaction. The principal effect was found to be an inhibition of the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate to the respective monophosphates and inorganic phosphate. From this finding it was concluded that a principal effect of the inhibition by pine chloroplasts is probably an inhibition either directly or indirectly of the bisphosphatase enzymes in the spinach chloroplasts. Based on its distribution between organic and aqueous acidic or neutral solutions, the inhibitory factor of the pine chloroplasts must be lipophilic. Most of the factor could be transferred to an aqueous phase in a strongly alkaline solution. Following subsequent acidification of the aqueous phase the activity could be completely transferred back into the organic phase. This procedure allowed for separation of the inhibitory factor from most of the pigments and other lipophilic substances present in the pine chloroplasts and yielded a preparation which could be subsequently fractionated by thin layer chromatography. UV absorption was found in two fast moving spots and at the origin. The fastest running spot from the thin layer chromatography plate was found to be the one containing most of the inhibitory activity. 相似文献
70.
CHRISTIAN KLUG BJ
RN KR
GER WOLFGANG KIESSLING GARY L. MULLINS THOMAS SERVAIS JIÍ FRÝDA DIETER KORN SUSAN TURNER 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》2010,43(4):465-477
Klug, C., Kröger, B., Kiessling, W., Mullins, G.L., Servais, T., Frýda, J., Korn, D. & Turner, S. 2009: The Devonian nekton revolution. Lethaia, 10.1111/j.1502‐3931.2009.00206.x Traditional analyses of Early Phanerozoic marine diversity at the genus level show an explosive radiation of marine life until the Late Ordovician, followed by a phase of erratic decline continuing until the end of the Palaeozoic, whereas a more recent analysis extends the duration of this early radiation into the Devonian. This catch‐all approach hides an evolutionary and ecological key event long after the Ordovician radiation: the rapid occupation of the free water column by animals during the Devonian. Here, we explore the timing of the occupation of the water column in the Palaeozoic and test the hypothesis that ecological escalation led to fundamental evolutionary changes in the mid‐Palaeozoic marine water column. According to our analyses, demersal and nektonic modes of life were probably initially driven by competition in the diversity‐saturated benthic habitats together with the availability of abundant planktonic food. Escalatory feedback then promoted the rapid rise of nekton in the Devonian as suggested by the sequence and tempo of water‐column occupation. □Devonian, diversity, ecology, food webs, nekton, plankton, radiation. 相似文献