Some factors influencing the proportion of periplasmic hepatitisB virus pre-S2 antigen in the recombinant yeastHansenula polymorpha

Summary A central composite design (CCD) was used to evaluate, for the purpose of future process optimization, the influence of pH, yeast extract and ammonium chloride concentrations on the proportion of periplasmic hepatitisB pre-S2 antigen in the recombinant yeastHansenula polymorpha. Each factor was tested at five levels, and a second order polynomial model for the proportion of periplasmic antigen was fitted to the treatment combinations. pH showed the greatest effect: the proportion of periplasmic antigen was greatly increased at the higher pH levels. At the higher pH levels used, the proportion of periplasmic antigen was enhanced by a high concentration of ammonium chloride. Additional experiments have confirmed both the validity of the selected model and the optimal conditions found. A significant correlation was found between the proportion of periplasmic antigen and the total yield of antigen. These results indicated that is should be possible to modulate the distribution of the pre-S2 antigen between the periplasm and the cytoplasm of the yeast.     

The proline-activating activity of the multienzyme gramicidin S synthetase 2 can be recovered on a 115-kDa tryptic fragment

The multienzyme gramicidin S synthetase 2 was treated with trypsin to obtain fragments capable of activating proline. Three different active fragments were detected. The course of proteolysis was simulated by using a concentration range of trypsin; the cleavage pattern indicated that one of the fragments was particularly stable. This fragment was purified and shown to have a molecular mass of 115 kDa. It was compared chromatographically, by SDS/PAGE, and enzymatically to a Pro-activating fragment produced by a gramicidin-S-negative mutant. It can be concluded that the proteolytic fragment represents a structure which is contained on a continuous part of the polypeptide chain of gramicidin S synthetase 2 and has a relatively compact structure. This provides evidence that the multienzyme gramicidin S synthetase 2 is, at least in part, constructed from functional domains. An approach towards extending these studies to other parts of the gramicidin S synthetase 2 molecule has also been devised. This work complements recombinant DNA studies in the area, providing stable functional fragments.     

Identification of Ly 5 on the surface of ‘natural killer’ cells in normal and athymic inbred mouse strains

This report that (1) cells mediating NK activity in different inbred mouse strains selectively express one of two allelic products specified by theLy-5 locus (or a locus tightly linked to it) and (2) this surface structure may directly contribute to NK-mediated cytolysis, since Ly 5 antiserum specifically inhibits NK activity in vitro in the absence of complement.     

Electrophysiological study of coupling between cultured cells of the mouse mammary gland in five distinct physiological states.

Electrical coupling has been observed between cultured cells of the mouse mammary gland in five distinct physiological or pathological states. We have employed young primary cultures of cells dissociated from the following tissues: normal glands from young virgin or midpregnant females, hyperplastic alveolar nodules (believed to be precancerous) transplanted in gland-free mammary fat pads, and spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas and their pulmonary metastases. All successfully impaled pairs of cells (a total of 97 pairs) were found to be ionically coupled. Furthermore, in normal and tumor cell cultures, electrical coupling was observed between dome-dome and dome-nondome cell pairs. This study correlates with electronmicroscopic studies of fresh normal, hyperplastic, and tumor samples, which show the presence of gap junctions in all three.     

A Revision of the Cytology and Ontogeny of Several Deficiencies in the 3a1–3c6 Region of the X Chromosome of DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The cytology and developmental attributes of 18 deficiency mutations in the 3A1–3C6 region of the salivary gland X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster have been investigated. The cytological limits of several older deficiencies have been revised and clarified and several new deficiencies are characterized. The deficiency mutants, with one possible exception, show a lethal phase in the late embryonic period or the early first larval instar. In contrast, the earliest acting point mutation lethals exposed by these deficiencies generally exhibit a somewhat later, post-embryonic lethality, perhaps indicating that the deficiencies are having some cumulative or synergistic impact on development. However, even with this difference in time of lethality, it is still possible to conclude that it is not the absolute size of the deficiency but rather the character of the loci deleted that determines the impact on development. Observations on the morphology of lethal embryos shows that while this analysis is internally consistent, it does not agree with earlier work. None of the 3A1–3C6 deficiencies causes any major teratologies during embryogenesis. Furthermore, the "earliest acting" gene in this region does not lie in band 3C1 but is most likely associated with bands 3A8–10.     

基于结构方程模型的森林生态系统空气负离子影响机制分析

空气负离子(Negative air ion, NAI)是衡量空气质量的重要指标之一,受到植被和环境的共同影响。然而,森林生态系统作为NAI产生的重要来源,森林中的植被和环境之间的相互作用以及对NAI的影响机制和贡献潜力仍难以捉摸。以暖温带森林生态系统中广泛分布的栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis BI.)为对象,基于自动观测设备长期定位观测获取了气象、土壤性质、空气洁净度以及植被光合等数据,利用皮尔逊相关系数分析和偏最小二乘结构方程模型分析了森林植被和环境要素对NAI的影响机制和贡献潜力。结果表明,环境要素和植被光合对NAI的贡献差异显著,植被光合对NAI的贡献潜力为62.65%,环境要素对NAI的贡献率为37.35%。环境要素中太阳辐射和饱和水汽压差的影响程度最大,分别为68.94%和16.55%。植被光合和PM_2.5主要通过直接效应影响NAI,而光合有效辐射、紫外辐射、土壤温湿度和饱和水汽压差主要通过间接效应影响NAI。因此,利用结构方程模型可以阐明植被光合与环境要素的变化对NAI的影响趋势,从而全面揭示了森林生态系统中植被产生NAI的作用机制以及...     

亚热带杉木径向生长对气候因子的响应

杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)是亚热带地区主要造林树种之一,其在区域碳循环和缓解气候变化中起着重要的作用。以亚热带地区6个站点(荆关、马鬃岭、分宜、将乐、东风、高峰)杉木人工林为研究对象,建立树轮标准化年表,分析树木年轮年表与气候因子的关系,解析不同研究区杉木径向生长对气候变化的响应机制,探讨不同站点杉木对干旱事件的响应策略,为该地区杉木人工林的经营管理提供理论依据。研究结果表明,6个研究区杉木树轮宽度对气候变化的平均敏感度大于0.15,样本总体代表性大于0.85,均处于可接受水平,表明6个站点的杉木样本具有区域代表性,适用于进行气候相关分析。杉木径向生长主要与生长季的平均温度和降水量、上一年夏季的最低温度正相关,与当年夏季最高温度负相关,高峰站点的径向生长与7—10月的相对湿度显著正相关,其他地点径向生长与月相对湿度相关性较弱,分宜、东风和高峰站的径向生长与干旱指数显著正相关,其他地点的杉木树轮宽度与干旱指数相关性较弱。干旱事件对6个站点杉木生长均产生了负面影响,胸高断面积增长(Basal area increment, BAI)呈先上升后下降的趋势,在生长后...     

A brief review of bone adaptation to unloading

Weight-bearing bone is constantly adapting its structure and function to mechanical environments. Loading through routine exercises stimulates bone formation and prevents bone loss, but unloading through bed rest and cast immobilization as well as exposure to weightlessness during spaceflight reduces its mass and strength. In order to elucidate the mechanism underlying unloading-driven bone adaptation, ground-based in vitro and in vivo analyses have been conducted using rotating cell culturing and hindlimb suspension. Focusing on gene expression studies in osteoblasts and hindlimb suspension studies, this minireview introduces our recent understanding on bone homeostasis under weightlessness in space. Most of the existing data indicate that unloading has the opposite effects to loading through common signaling pathways. However, a question remains as to whether any pathway unique to unloading （and not to loading） may exist.     

4种染色方法对甜瓜白粉病菌染色效果的观察比较

考马斯亮蓝组织透明染色方法可以清楚观察到白粉病菌的5个发育阶段,即萌发的分生孢子、初生芽管、胞间菌丝、分生孢子梗和后期菌落。考马斯亮蓝几乎使寄主组织不着色,不产生背景色干扰,而菌体变深蓝色。苯胺蓝组织透明染色方法也可观察到病菌的不同发育阶段,但苯胺蓝易使寄主组织产生浅蓝色背景,而菌体呈现深蓝色,观察效果不理想。荧光素钠和苯胺蓝两种荧光染色方法均能使菌体在紫外或者蓝光下产生黄绿色荧光,而寄主组织呈现黑色背景,强烈的反差利于观察。荧光素钠可以观察到菌体整个发育阶段。苯胺蓝只适合于前期菌体入侵过程的观察。