Prove DI Degemmazione Nel Pesco E Loro Effetti Sulla Istogenesi della Cerchia Legnosa

Summary

Tests on disbudding and their effects on the histogenesis of the wood ring. In this work the effects of hormonic character which appear during the histogenesis of the wood ring have been studied testing disbudding effects on the peach tree.

Some observations on the consequences due to defoliation are also included.

By removal of the buds, the annual ring shows a greater depth and a more marked uniformity of structure, due to an increased frequency of the vascular elements.

By removal of the leaves, the cambial activity is completely inhibited. These results are attributed to the fact that the leaves, according to the more recent hypotheses, produce the substance which stimulates the formation of the wood elements and the differentiation of the newly formed elements.

This inactive substance, produced by the leaf, would exert its action only when the buds, towards which it is directed, transform it into its active form. The removal of the buds would eliminate the centres of diffusion of the inactive substance and also its centres of activation and concentration for the coming rest period, in view of a new vegetative cycle.

As a conseguence the circulation of the inactive substance is more marked, as it is probably activated by the cambium, and its activity lasts longer, producing in the annual ring those characters peculiar to the spring wood, that is of a season in which the circulation of this substance is at its utmost.     

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody titer predicts time to rheumatoid arthritis onset in patients with undifferentiated arthritis: results from a 2-year prospective study

Introduction

The diagnostic, predictive and prognostic role of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is widely accepted. Moreover, detection of these antibodies in subjects presenting with undifferentiated arthritis (UA) is associated with a significant risk to develop the disease. On the other hand, clinical and prognostic significance of evaluating anti-CCP levels in subjects with inflammatory arthritis at disease onset has not been fully clarified. The goal of this prospective study is to analyze the value and prognostic significance of anti-CCP titer quantification in UA subjects.

Methods

Serial anti-CCP assays were measured in 192 consecutive patients presenting with UA lasting less than 12 weeks. Clinical and serological data and arthritis outcome were evaluated every 6 months until two years of follow-up.

Results

Anti-CCP positivity, at both low and high titer, and arthritis of hand joints significantly predicted RA at two years, risk increasing in subjects with high anti-CCP titers at baseline. Moreover, time to RA diagnosis was shorter in patients with high anti-CCP2 titers at enrollment with respect to those with low antibody concentration.

Conclusions

Presence of anti-CCP antibodies, at both low and high concentration, is significantly associated with RA development in subjects with recent onset UA. However, time interval from the onset of the first symptoms to the fulfilment of the classification criteria appears to be directly related to the initial anti-CCP level.     

ERP Modulation during Observation of Abstract Paintings by Franz Kline

The aim of this study was to test the involvement of sensorimotor cortical circuits during the beholding of the static consequences of hand gestures devoid of any meaning.In order to verify this hypothesis we performed an EEG experiment presenting to participants images of abstract works of art with marked traces of brushstrokes. The EEG data were analyzed by using Event Related Potentials (ERPs). We aimed to demonstrate a direct involvement of sensorimotor cortical circuits during the beholding of these selected works of abstract art. The stimuli consisted of three different abstract black and white paintings by Franz Kline. Results verified our experimental hypothesis showing the activation of premotor and motor cortical areas during stimuli observation. In addition, abstract works of art observation elicited the activation of reward-related orbitofrontal areas, and cognitive categorization-related prefrontal areas. The cortical sensorimotor activation is a fundamental neurophysiological demonstration of the direct involvement of the cortical motor system in perception of static meaningless images belonging to abstract art. These results support the role of embodied simulation of artist’s gestures in the perception of works of art.     

Closing the Gap between the Inside and the Outside: Interoceptive Sensitivity and Social Distances

Humans’ ability to represent their body state from within through interoception has been proposed to predict different aspects of human cognition and behaviour. We focused on the possible contribution of interoceptive sensitivity to social behaviour as mediated by adaptive modulation of autonomic response. We, thus, investigated whether interoceptive sensitivity to one''s heartbeat predicts participants'' autonomic response at different social distances. We measured respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) during either a Social or a Non-social task. In the Social task each participant viewed an experimenter performing a caress-like movement at different distances from their hand. In the Non-social task a metal stick was moved at the same distances from the participant''s hand. We found a positive association between interoceptive sensitivity and autonomic response only for the social setting. Moreover, only good heartbeat perceivers showed higher autonomic response 1) in the social compared to the non-social setting, 2) specifically, when the experimenter''s hand was moving at boundary of their peripersonal space (20 cm from the participant''s hand). Our findings suggest that interoceptive sensitivity might contribute to interindividual differences concerning social attitudes and interpersonal space representation via recruitment of different adaptive autonomic response strategies.     

Sputum analysis: Non‐invasive early lung cancer detection

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths over the world, characterized by a very high mortality rate. Molecular technique development tries to focus on early detection of cancers by studying molecular alterations that characterize cancer cells. Worldwide lung cancer research has focused on an ever‐increasing number of molecular elements of carcinogenesis at genetic, epigenetic and protein levels. The non‐invasiveness is the characteristic that all clinical trials on cancer detection should have. Abnormal chest imaging and/or non‐specific symptoms are initial signals of lung cancer that appear in an advanced stage of disease. This fact represents the cause of the low 5‐year survival rate: over 90% of patients dying within 5 years of diagnosis. Since smokers have higher quantity of sputum containing exfoliated cells from the bronchial tree, and the sputum represents the most easily accessible biological fluid and its collection is non‐invasive, analysis of this sample represents a good area of research in early lung cancer diagnosis. Continued cigarette smoking is the cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with an estimated attributable risk factor exceeding 80% in smoking affected individuals. Lung cancer is found in 40–70% of patients with COPD, particularly in severe disease, and it is a common cause of death in these patients. A large prospective trial of almost half a million non‐smokers showed as lung cancer is also common in patients with COPD who have never smoked. This review describes issues related to early lung cancer screening using non‐invasive methods. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Monitoring the Interaction between β2-Microglobulin and the Molecular Chaperone αB-crystallin by NMR and Mass Spectrometry: αB-CRYSTALLIN DISSOCIATES β2-MICROGLOBULIN OLIGOMERS*

The interaction at neutral pH between wild-type and a variant form (R3A) of the amyloid fibril-forming protein β₂-microglobulin (β2m) and the molecular chaperone αB-crystallin was investigated by thioflavin T fluorescence, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Fibril formation of R3Aβ2m was potently prevented by αB-crystallin. αB-crystallin also prevented the unfolding and nonfibrillar aggregation of R3Aβ2m. From analysis of the NMR spectra collected at various R3Aβ2m to αB-crystallin molar subunit ratios, it is concluded that the structured β-sheet core and the apical loops of R3Aβ2m interact in a nonspecific manner with the αB-crystallin. Complementary information was derived from NMR diffusion coefficient measurements of wild-type β2m at a 100-fold concentration excess with respect to αB-crystallin. Mass spectrometry acquired in the native state showed that the onset of wild-type β2m oligomerization was effectively reduced by αB-crystallin. Furthermore, and most importantly, αB-crystallin reversibly dissociated β2m oligomers formed spontaneously in aged samples. These results, coupled with our previous studies, highlight the potent effectiveness of αB-crystallin in preventing β2m aggregation at the various stages of its aggregation pathway. Our findings are highly relevant to the emerging view that molecular chaperone action is intimately involved in the prevention of in vivo amyloid fibril formation.     

Revised Systematics of Holospora-Like Bacteria and Characterization of “Candidatus Gortzia infectiva”, a Novel Macronuclear Symbiont of Paramecium jenningsi

The genus Holospora (Rickettsiales) includes highly infectious nuclear symbionts of the ciliate Paramecium with unique morphology and life cycle. To date, nine species have been described, but a molecular characterization is lacking for most of them. In this study, we have characterized a novel Holospora-like bacterium (HLB) living in the macronuclei of a Paramecium jenningsi population. This bacterium was morphologically and ultrastructurally investigated in detail, and its life cycle and infection capabilities were described. We also obtained its 16S rRNA gene sequence and developed a specific probe for fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments. A new taxon, “Candidatus Gortzia infectiva”, was established for this HLB according to its unique characteristics and the relatively low DNA sequence similarities shared with other bacteria. The phylogeny of the order Rickettsiales based on 16S rRNA gene sequences has been inferred, adding to the available data the sequence of the novel bacterium and those of two Holospora species (Holospora obtusa and Holospora undulata) characterized for the purpose. Our phylogenetic analysis provided molecular support for the monophyly of HLBs and showed a possible pattern of evolution for some of their features. We suggested to classify inside the family Holosporaceae only HLBs, excluding other more distantly related and phenotypically different Paramecium endosymbionts.