Venous air embolism during a craniofacial procedure

The possibility of venous air embolism exists whenever the craniofacial operative field is above the level of the heart. Craniotomy with the high-torque craniotome is hypothesized to have produced venous air embolism in the patient described in this report. The diagnosis of venous air embolism is determined by transesophageal Doppler probe, transesophageal echocardiogram or external echocardiogram, and end-tidal N2 and CO2 determinations. Treatment includes control of the air entry sites, aspiration of air from the right atrium via a catheter placed prior to operation, and discontinuing nitrous oxide. If these measures are unsuccessful, the operative field should be transposed below heart level and the procedure terminated. In the event of significant hemodynamic compromise, closed cardiac massage should be tried; if that fails, open cardiac massage and direct aspiration are necessary. The true incidence of venous air embolism in craniofacial operations may be much higher than previously suspected. We therefore recommend placement of appropriate monitoring equipment to detect intracardiac air in those major craniofacial procedures in which there is a potential for intravascular air ingress.     

Fixation effects on membranous and endochondral onlay bone-graft resorption

Difficulties arise in the prediction of maintenance of graft volume over time when bone grafts are used for facial contour reconstruction. We hypothesize that graft fixation will decrease movement and lead to decreased resorption. Fixed and nonfixed endochondral (rib) and membranous (skull) onlay bone grafts measuring 30 X 10 X 4 mm were grafted to the mandible bilaterally in 10 adult sheep. Fixation was achieved using the lag-screw technique. Volume measurements using caliper technique were made 20 weeks postoperatively. The volume of graft present at 20 weeks was significantly greater for the fixed bone grafts (p less than 0.001): fixed membranous, 85.9 percent; fixed endochondral, 76.2 percent; nonfixed membranous, 55 percent; and nonfixed endochondral, 16.6 percent. The results are explained using biomechanical theories related to the effects of strain. At present, it is suggested by this study that when onlay bone grafts are stabilized, improved results with respect to graft resorption can be expected.     

Correlation of immunomodulatory and therapeutic activities of interferon and interferon inducers in metastatic disease

The mechanism of therapeutic activity of recombinant murine interferon-gamma (rMu IFN-gamma) and the IFN inducer polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid solubilized with poly-L-lysine in carboxy methyl cellulose (pICLC) in treating metastatic disease was investigated by comparing effector cell augmentation with therapeutic activity in mice bearing experimental lung metastases (B16-BL6 melanoma). Effector cell functions in spleen, peripheral blood, and lung (the organ with tumor) were tested after 1 and 3 weeks of rMu IFN-gamma or pICLC administration (intravenous, three times a week). In these studies, natural killer (NK), lymphokine-activated killer (LAK), cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) (against specific and nonspecific targets), and macrophage tumoricidal and tumoristatic activities were measured. rM IFN-gamma and pICLC had therapeutic activity and immunomodulatory activity in most assays of immune function examined. Specific CTL activity of pulmonary parenchymal mononuclear cells (PPMC), but not in splenocytes or peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), during week 3 and not during week 1, correlated with the therapeutic activity of rMu IFN-gamma and of pICLC. Macrophage tumoricidal activity in PPMC, but not in alveolar macrophages, also correlated with the therapeutic activity of rMu IFN-gamma, but the opposite was true for the therapeutic activity of pICLC. NK activity of PPMC, but not of splenocytes or PBL, during week 1 correlated with the therapeutic activity of pICLC; in contrast, NK activity at any site did not correlate with the therapeutic activity of rMu IFN-gamma. LAK activity at any site did not correlate with the therapeutic activity of either agent.     

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from zygotic embryo explants in mexican weeping bamboo,Otatea acuminata aztecorum

An efficient protocol has been developed for the in vitro propagation of Mexican Weeping Bamboo through somatic embryogenesis from zygotic embryo explants. Mature seeds and excised embryos were cultured in the light or in the dark on both Murashige and Skoog's and Gamborg's B5 basal media with various supplements. Optimal somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration were obtained by culture in the dark on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium supplemented with 3 mg/1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.5 mg/1 6-benzylaminopurine and 2.0% sucrose. More than 95% of the germinating somatic embryos developed shoots and roots, and were transferred to soil with 85% success.     

Behavioral,physiological, and morphological components of dominance and mate attraction in male green iguanas

This study investigated the morphological, physiological, and behavioral components of social dominance important for mate attraction in male green iguanas (Iguana iguana). A group of 9 male and 11 female adult green iguanas was studied in a large semi-natural enclosure during one reproductive season (October–January). Four of the nine males never initiated aggressive encounters; the other five were observed to display aggressively toward each other and were ranked in a linear dominance hierarchy. Head size was the most important factor influencing fighting success. Head size and display frequency were positively correlated with plasma testosterone levels. Dominance rank directly influenced ability to monopolize areas containing resources used by females. The quality of a male's home range, measured as his access to a large basking rock in the enclosure, was related to the proportion of potential mates found within his home range. One male greatly surpassed the others in his ability to defend a home range of high quality and attract potential mates. These data suggest that physiological and morphological factors, through their influence on social behavior, may ultimately affect male reproductive fitness. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Characterization of endogenous and recombinant proviral elements of a highly tumorigenic AKR cell line

As an approach to evaluating the contribution of classes of endogenous viral sequences to leukemogenesis, a genomic library was prepared from the highly tumorigenic AKR SL12.3 cell line and screened for env-containing proviruses. An extensive battery of virus-derived probes and specific oligonucleotide probes were used to segregate 83 positive clones into related groups. The nonecotropic endogenous retroviruses were identified as members of the polytropic, modified polytropic, or xenotropic groups. At least three unique xenotropic proviruses were detected that differed from the published xenotropic sequence within a variable region of the 5' portion of env. Changes among the xenotropic proviruses included relative insertions and/or deletions that maintain an open reading frame and hence the potential to encode viable envelope gene products. Several recombinant viruses were also detected. Recombination was not random and primarily involved the formation of mink cell focus-inducing class I retroviruses via recombination between polytropic elements and ecotropic virus. One other recombinant was detected which contained ecotropic virus sequences in the 5' region encoding p15 of an otherwise xenotropic provirus. An interesting observation was the finding that certain clones contained more than one provirus within the average 20-kb cloned insert. This would not be expected if integration were totally random. The de novo recombinant proviruses identified here provide a series of potential candidates to be evaluated for their contribution to the tumorigencity of the SL12.3 cell line.