Foraminifera may structure meiobenthic communities

The cosmopolitan benthic foraminiferan, Ammonia beccarii, is a fervent microfloral predator which often forms densely-populated 2–4 cm² aggregates in the field. Sediments within aggregate patches become extensively pelletized, mucus bound and depleted in microfloral food. On a West German Wattenmeer mudflat, copepodite and naupliar densities of a predominant harpacticoid copepod, Amphiascoides limicola, were significantly depressed in sediments containing>100 A. beccarii·3 cm^-2 suggesting a possible foraminiferal: copepod amensalism. Therefore, I cultured A. beccarii and A. limicola separately in sediment microcosms and then tested if A. limicola's seemingly negative reaction to sediments containing A. beccarii occurs under controlled conditions, how various life stages of A. limicola are affected, and what the repulsive mechanisms of A. beccarii may be. In natural field sediments seeded with a latin-square dispersion of sterile sediment patches containing 0 or 100 A. beccarii, mean A. limicola naupliar and copepodite densities were 2 to 6 times lower in Ammonia-rich patches than Ammonia-poor patches (i.e. patches containing <100 A. beccarii·3 cm^-2). Choice experiments directly testing potential A. beccarii inhibitory mechanisms were conducted with A. limicola copepodites: Cubic microcosms containing a latin-square patch dispersion of (1) sterile sediments (SS) seeded with 100 A. beccarii (low microflora), (2) SS bound with sterile mucus (0.0001%) (low microflora), (3) SS seeded with pelletized sediments (high microflora), and (4) SS seeded with mucus and pellets (high microflora), showed that copepodites colonized 12 & 3, but 1 & 4 were not significantly different. Mucus addition by itself, in the absence of pelletization and microflora, strongly facilitated colonization—as did addition of microfloral-rich pelletized sediments. Pelletization and mucousbinding combined, but with low microflora, were least attractive to A. limicola. Pelletization and mucous-binding combined, but with high microflora, were more attractive to A. limicola than its complement, but not significantly so. Thus A. beccarii's inhibition of A. limicola is probably not caused by sediment pelletization and simple mucous exudates but by local microfloral depletion within aggregate foraminiferal patches.Contribution No 774 of the Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research     

Biochemical studies of soluble atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptors from rat olfactory bulb and vascular smooth muscle cells

1. Aim. The biochemical characteristics of atrial natriuretic peptide receptors (ANP-R) derived from rat vascular smooth muscle (A-10 cell line) and central nervous system (CNS; olfactory bulb) tissue were compared. 2. Method and Results. ANP-Rs from each source were solubilized with 40 to 65% efficiency utilizing the nonionic detergent Lubrol-PX. Upon solubilization, the ANP-R from each source maintained the ability to bind 125I-ANP (99-126) with a high affinity; Scatchard analysis indicated that the VSMC ANP-R displayed a Kd for the radioligand of approximately 10 pM, whereas the olfactory receptor possessed a Kd of about 165 pM. The Bmax values for the soluble VSMC and olfactory ANP-Rs were 285 and 30 fmol/mg protein, respectively. Competition binding studies indicated that the VSMC ANP-R bound ANP(99-126), ANP(103-126), and ANP(103-123) with similar affinities, whereas the olfactory ANP-R was much more sensitive to changes in the COOH-terminal structure of the competing peptide. The soluble ANP-Rs from VSMC and olfactory were chromatographically indistinguishable on phenyl-, DEAE-, and wheat germ agglutinin-agarose columns. However, the ANP-Rs could be distinguished using GTP-agarose; the olfactory ANP-R was capable of binding to the resin, whereas the VSMC ANP-R was not. 3. Conclusions. Coupled with other studies, these data suggest that the A10 VSMC ANP-R observed in this study may not be coupled to guanylate cyclase and may represent a receptor serving a clearance function, whereas a significant proportion of the olfactory CNS ANP-R appears to be associated with GTP-binding proteins, likely particulate guanylate cyclase, and probably represents a coupled form of the receptor.     

Performance profiles of topical antimicrobials in vitro

The in-vitro efficacy of commercially available topical antimicrobial products against control strains and those from clinical material are compared with an agar diffusion model. The MICs of the constituent antimicrobial compounds have been determined for the same organisms. Plotting the inhibition zone diameters produced by the topical products against the log10 MICs of their constituent antimicrobial compound(s) gives overall product performance profiles for a range of organisms. These profiles confirm that the formulation of a topical product clearly modifies the response obtained with a specific antimicrobial compound.     

Seasonal variation in cell volume of epilimnetic bacteria

The relationship between bacterial cell volume and temperature was examined for field data collected over a 4-year period and through controlled chemostat incubations of aPseudomonas sp. Volumes of planktonic bacteria were found to decrease as water temperature increased. Changes in temperature accounted for 38% of the variation in average cell volume (P<0.001). Average planktobacterial cell volume fell 42% from 0.217m³ in mid-winter to 0.127m³ in mid-summer. Similar results were found for the size distribution of epibacterial cells. Controlled chemostat incubations of aPseudomonas sp. indicated that cell volume was significantly affected by temperature, growth rate, and the interaction of temperature and growth rate. The data suggest that a change in cell volume as a result of a change in temperature is an intrinsic property of planktonic bacteria.     

Estimating the rate of photorespiration in leaves

The influence of Li⁺ on the circumnutations of hypocotyls of Helianthus annuus L . cv. Californicus was investigated. LiCl at concentration levels from 0 to 40 m M (lethal) was added to intact hypocotyls grown in liquid nutrient medium. The Li⁺ concentration in the hypocotyls was measured by flame photometry. The growth of the hypocotyls was not affected by the LiCl.
Amplitude and frequency of the circumnutations were determined by correlation analysis. The oscillatory pattern of the movements became less regular at concentrations above 10 m M LiCl. The amplitude of the movements was reduced for concentrations above 7 m M LiCl. The frequency of the movements was reduced when LiCl was increased from 0 to 10 m M . Above 10 m M LiCl the frequency of the circumnutations was higher than for control plants. The results showed that circumnutations of sunflower hypocotyls can be added to the group of oscillators in biological organisms that are affected by Li⁺.     

Methode zum Nachweis der Dauersporen des Kohlhernieerregers Plasmodiophora brassicae in gärtnerischen Kultursubstraten

Populations of pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae were monitored on apparently healthy leaves, blossoms, and fruit from two apple orchards with known histories of blister bark and a pear orchard with a known history of blossom blast. Populations on blossoms and fruits were higher on pears than on apples. Yellow-pigmented, non-pathogenic bacteria might have suppressed or masked the presence of P. syringae pv. syringae on apple trees. Populations of P. syringae pv. syringae on apple and pear leaves fluctuated sharply but higher levels generally occurred during the 1984/85 growing season than during the drier 1983/84 season. This investigation indicates that the resident phase of P. syringae pv. syringae is probably a major source of inoculum for apple blister bark and pear blossom blast in South Africa.     

A program for drawing evolutionary trees

From the measures of evolutionary distance between pairs ofsequences in a set, it is possible to infer the genetic treeor trees which best fit these known data. DENDRON is a new program,written in FORTRAN 66, which computes an initial tree from thebottom-up, then searches among increasingly divergent treesfor a better fit. As a check on the consistency of the measures,the program tests all triplets for the triangle inequality.DENDRON also calculates a single ‘top-down’ tree,progressing from the trunk to the twigs, for comparison withthe ‘bottom-up’ trees. Received on August 17, 1987; accepted on June 1, 1988