On the interaction of growth retardants with IAA and kinetin

In the pea test a highly positive response to the treatment with IAA reversed to a negative one or became 5 to 6 times weaker when CCC was applied together with IAA. In cultivating pea seedlings, following their decapitation, for two days in a 0.25 per cent CCC solution and then in water, growth of their cotyledonous axillaries (cotylaries) were inhibited. This inhibitive action of CCC could be made ineffective when the seedlings, following two-days’ cultivation in the CCC solution, were grown further in kinetin solutions (0.37–3 mg per 1). Cotylaries of decapitated pea seedlings, when grown in kinetin solutions were inhibited. With kinetin solutions of 6–12 mg/l a strong inhibition also occured in the growth of roots at the apical parts of which spherical swellings were developing. The CCC supplied to the roots of intact etiolated pea seedlings is translocated acropetally into the stem at a rate of about 5 cm per hour. Decapitation of the plant causes retardation of this transport, yet a coat of 0.00001–1% IAA or kinetin paste produces acceleration of the stream. Existence of an antagonism between CCC and IAA, demonstrated earlier, was found holding true also for B-9 (N, N-dimethyl-aminesuccinamic acid) and IAA, as the inhibitive action of B-9, 0.06% solution on the growth of lettuce hypocotyls was reduced to a highly significant degree when the plants were supplied with B-9 together with IAA at a concentration of 10 mg/l.     

Peroxidases of different parts of the pumpkin plant (Cucurbita pepo L.)

We compared the occurrence of peroxidase isozymes in protein extract from roots, hypocotyls and cotyledons of 10 dayCucurbita pepo plants and of adult leaves of older plants by means of starch gel and polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis. We reached maximum discrimination by means of starch gel electrophoresis: 11 zones were ascertained on the cathode side and about 2 on the anode side at pH 3.1. Two zones occurred regularly:A and (the latter having a more complicated structure). ZoneD is characteristic for roots, but is it suppressed and seldom found with leaves. On the other hand zonesC ₁ andC ₂ are clearly discernible with leaves but are substantially less evident with roots. The character of anodic zoneZ is discussed later in this paper.     

Factors determining the biosynthesis of griseofulvin and similar substances

Была высказана гипотеза, что биосинтез гризеофульвине, цитромицетина, фульвиновой кислоты, фусаeубине, руброфусарина и родствеооых им вешеств протекаеР не путем конденсации линейнон цепочки, а из двух более коротких цепочек, которые возникают конденсацией 4 и 3 ацетатных единп. реакции, осушествляющиеся на уровне этих цапочек (илн прнмежувочных структур) метиляция, редукция, и, возможно, последующая дегидратация или только эноэизация— определяют направление дальнeйшeй кондeнсации в такой стeпeни, что конeчныe продуктыотдичаются своeй структурой.     

Enzymes of the jejunal enterochromaffine cells in man

Summary A study of enzymatic equipment of enterochromaffine cells (e.c.) in jenual biopsies obtained with a Crosby capsule in normal humans and patients with nontropical sprue was undertaken. The following enzymes were demonstrated: alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase (cell membrane), acid phosphatase (corpuscular), non-specific esterase (diffuse and corpuscular, predominantly eserine resistant, in corpuscular localization E 600 resistant), DPN- and TPN-diaphorases and dehydrogenases of lactic acid, malic acid, isocitric acid, glucoso-6-phosphoric acid, succinic acid, -hydroxybutyric acid and -glycerophosphoric acid. Enzyme activities were not equal in all cells suggesting some type of secretory cycle. In most patients with untreated nontropical sprue or with the disease in relapse e.c. were more numerous and hypertrophic with elevated activities of non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase. Implications of these results are briefly discussed.With 8 Figures in the Text, of which 2 in Colour     

Factors affecting the accuracy of chlorophylla andb determination by means of their paper chromatographic separation and colorimetric measurement in eluates

Quantitative determination of chlorophyll a and β can be made by paper chromatography of acetone extracts of plant material with colorimetric measurement of the eluates from the separated zones. From the suitable solvent systems which give adequate separation of the pigments at a distance of 20 cm. from the start,Hager's mixture (1955) separates the chlorophylls better than the toluene-isopropanol (400: 1 v/v.) mixture, which, however, is better for the separation of carotenoids. Twice the amount of chlorophyll is separated on Whatman 31 ET paper, equally well and with the same time of development, as on Whatman No. 3 paper, on which it is possible to separate a maximum of about 15 μg of chlorophyll pigments per 1 em. start length. Losses on elution are, however, higher on using Whatman 31 ET paper. In plants with a high chlorophyllase activity, the error of determining chlorophyll a andb is greatly reduced if the leaves are placed for 1 min. in boiling water before extraction. For elution of chlorophylla andb from paper it is better to use anhydrous acetone, for chlorophyllides 80% acetone. A comparison of the procedure investigated with the method of two-wave length spectrophotometric measurement of crude acetone extracts showed that in view of the average 10% loss, the chromatographic method is hardly suitable for determining the absolute amounts of chlorophylla andb, although the relation (a/b) can be determined with similar precision by both methods. Moreover, in view of the greater amount of work involved the chromatographic method can only be recommended for confirming the results of spectrophotometrie determination. Quantitative determination of chlorophylls from the area of the spot or from the "R_F" value can only be of an informative character.     

Ryanodine receptor purified from crayfish skeletal muscle

The ryanodine receptor was isolated from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of crayfish skeletal muscle. Ryanodine binding to the native fraction was measured by Scatchard analysis and values of 60 nmol/l and 9 pmol/mg were obtained for KD and Bmax respectively. The identity of purified receptor was confirmed by electron microscopy, electrophoresis and incorporation into planar lipid bilayers. At least two conductance states (100 pS and 50 pS) were observed in 100 mmol/l NaCl both for native and purified receptor.     

Clonal growth in woody plants: A review

Bulkiness, longevity and solidity of the body in woody plants enable the successive development of accessory shoots and adventitious roots in (1) both proximal and distal positions on organs, (2) both the above-ground and below-ground space, (3) both the aerial and soil environments. In monocotyledons, woody rhizomes play an essential role in the basic growth habit and architectural models. In dicotyledonous and a few gymnospermous trees, attached and successively disconnected ramets play a multilateral role in the pertinent life strategies. The majority of sprouts, coppice shoots and root suckers behave as opportunistic organs (a) serving as means of vegetative reproduction, (b) securing colonization of unoccupied ground, (c) increasing competitive power of the species within the community, (d) increasing survival rate of the stressed/disturbed genet in marginal habitats, (e) forming replacement for ageing or damaged organs, and (f) enabling reiteration of the genet's entire architectural model.