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151.
Knowledge on transport and deposition of fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) from reservoir dams is increasingly required
for habitat management and restoration of dam tailwater ecosystems. Variations in the transport distance of FPOM, however,
have never been studied well, particularly in relation to channel morphology, due to channel size restrictions of artificial
tracers such as corn pollen when applied to larger river channels. This study aims to show the relations between FPOM retention
efficiency and channel morphology in dam tailwaters using lentic plankters as tracers. We estimated the mean transport distance,
S
p, by calculating downstream reduction ratios of lentic tracer plankters and calculated the deposition velocity, v
dep. Suspended FPOM samples were collected in tailwaters of two river channels below reservoir dams and two artificial canals
below Lake Biwa in the Yodo River system. The longest S
p (19.2 km) and the shortest one (2.2 km) were recorded in the deep canal and shallow canal, respectively, showing a positive
correlation with channel hydraulic radius. The values of v
dep were 4.7–6.4 times higher in river channels than in artificial canals. These results indicate that increasing complexity
of bed morphology can minimize S
p, whereas bed degradation and armored bed materials may lead to increased S
p. Advantages of lentic plankters as tracers for estimating distance ranges of reservoir dam impact on river ecosystems are
also discussed. 相似文献
152.
H Härtel S Nikunen E Neuvonen R Tanskanen S-L Kivelä P Aho T Soveri H Saloniemi 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2004,45(4):193-200
Pathogens causing bovine respiratory tract disease in Finland were investigated. Eighteen cattle herds with bovine respiratory
disease were included. Five diseased calves from each farm were chosen for closer examination and tracheobronchial lavage.
Blood samples were taken from the calves at the time of the investigation and from 86 calves 3–4 weeks later. In addition,
6–10 blood samples from animals of different ages were collected from each herd, resulting in 169 samples. Serum samples were
tested for antibodies to bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (PIV-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine coronavirus
(BCV), bovine adenovirus-3 (BAV-3) and bovine adenovirus-7 (BAV-7). About one third of the samples were also tested for antibodies
to bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) with negative results. Bacteria were cultured from lavage fluid and in vitro susceptibility
to selected antimicrobials was tested. According to serological findings, PIV-3, BAV-7, BAV-3, BCV and BRSV are common pathogens
in Finnish cattle with respiratory problems. A titre rise especially for BAV-7 and BAV-3, the dual growth of Mycoplasma dispar and Pasteurella multocida, were typical findings in diseased calves. Pasteurella sp. strains showed no resistance to tested antimicrobials. Mycoplasma bovis and Mannheimia haemolytica were not found. 相似文献
153.
Background
Chow and Liu showed that the maximum likelihood tree for multivariate discrete distributions may be found using a maximum weight spanning tree algorithm, for example Kruskal's algorithm. The efficiency of the algorithm makes it tractable for high-dimensional problems. 相似文献154.
155.
The effects of invasive macrophytes, water level fluctuations and predation on freshwater unionids Pyganodon grandis and Utterbackia imbecillis were studied in three small impoundments in Northeastern Texas in 2003–2005. Mussel density was sampled with quadrats. Mortality,
associated with the water level fluctuations and predation, was estimated by collecting dead shells on the shore at about
two month intervals. In two ponds, horizontal distribution of unionids was limited by dense beds of invasive and noxious macrophytes
(mainly Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum and American lotus Nelumbo lutea): mussel densities were significantly lower in these macrophyte beds (P < 0.001). In the third pond with the lowest density of macrophytes (stonewort Chara sp.), unionids were distributed more evenly, and the average unionid biomass was the highest among all ponds studied. Vertical
distribution of unionids in all ponds was likely limited by low oxygen at depth >2 m. The total amount of shells found on
the shore per year varied from 0.1% to 28% of the total population in the pond and was negatively correlated with water level
(r = −0.72 to −0.81, P < 0.005). Mammalian predators consumed up to 19% of the total unionid population and predation was facilitated by water level
fluctuations.
Handling editor: K. Martens 相似文献
156.
157.
The effects of dispersal limitation and topographic heterogeneity on beta diversity and phylobetadiversity in a subtropical forest 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yue Bin Zhigao Wang Zhangming Wang Wanhui Ye Honglin Cao Juyu Lian 《Plant Ecology》2010,209(2):237-256
We assessed the effects of topographic heterogeneity and stem density on species composition between grains of different sizes
(20 × 20, 50 × 50, and 100 × 100 m), based on partial Mantel tests. Similarity in species composition was measured by the
abundance-based Jaccard index (C_J) and by an index that incorporates phylogenetic information into C_J (pC_J). Plants were
divided into five groups, arbor, subarbor, and shrub according to life form and two other groups: species that produce dry
fruits (PDF) and that produce fleshy fruits (PFF). C_J and pC_J between any two grains at each grain size were calculated
separately for these groups and for all species combined. In order to examine what influences C_J and pC_J, we analyzed their
correlations with topographic heterogeneity variables and two dispersal limitation-related variables (stem and topographic
resistance). Our data indicate that at all three grain sizes, C_J and pC_J decrease with increasing distance for all plant
groups. Dispersal limitation and topographic heterogeneity were both important at 20 × 20 and 50 × 50 m grain sizes for C_J
and pC_J of all plant groups; and at 100 × 100 m grain size, topographic heterogeneity dominates over dispersal limitation
for some plant groups. C_J and pC_J of PDFs are less negatively correlated with stem resistance than those of PFFs. We conclude
that both beta diversity and phylobetadiversity are dependent on plant groups and grain sizes. 相似文献
158.
Jeffrey P Mower Pascal Touzet Julie S Gummow Lynda F Delph Jeffrey D Palmer 《BMC evolutionary biology》2007,7(1):135
Background
It has long been known that rates of synonymous substitutions are unusually low in mitochondrial genes of flowering and other land plants. Although two dramatic exceptions to this pattern have recently been reported, it is unclear how often major increases in substitution rates occur during plant mitochondrial evolution and what the overall magnitude of substitution rate variation is across plants. 相似文献159.
Richard P. Duncan 《Biological invasions》2016,18(4):985-996
Both the size of founding populations (propagule size) and environmental suitability are known to influence whether a species newly introduced to a location will establish a self-sustaining population. However, these two factors do not operate independently: it is the interaction between propagule size and environmental suitability that determines the probability an introduced population will establish. Here I use the example of dung beetle introductions to Australia to illustrate the importance of this interaction. I first describe equations that model establishment success jointly as a function of propagule size and environmental suitability. I then show how these equations provide insight into the different outcomes observed in two dung beetle species widely introduced to Australia. In one species, variation in propagule size had relatively little influence on establishment success due to large variation in environmental suitability, leading to an essentially bimodal outcome: sites were either very suitable for establishment and introductions succeeded, or sites were unsuitable and introductions failed regardless of propagule size. For the second species, there was much less variation among locations in environmental suitability, leading to propagule size having a strong influence on establishment success. These examples highlight how the interplay between environmental suitability and founding population size is central to determining the probability an introduced species will establish. 相似文献
160.
Rosa Agudo Ciro Rico Carles Vilà Fernando Hiraldo José Antonio Donázar 《BMC evolutionary biology》2010,10(1):384