基于IBIS模型的1960-2006年中国陆地生态系统碳收支格局研究

定量评估区域陆地生态系统碳收支是生态系统与全球变化科学研究的重要科学问题之一。利用集成生物圈模型（IBIS）对中国陆地生态系统历史时期（1960-2006年）气候及CO₂浓度变化条件下碳收支时空变异特征和发展趋势进行了模拟分析。结果表明,1960-2006年间,中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力（NPP）总量水平约为2.46 GtC/a,总体呈上升趋势,在东南及西南地区最高,其次是长白山及大小兴安岭地区,西北内陆地区的净初级生产力水平最低;1960-2006年间,中国陆地生态系统净生态系统生产力（NEP）总量水平约为0.11 GtC/a,总体呈上升趋势,绝大部分区域表现为碳汇效应,大兴安岭、小兴安岭、长白山、东南地区及西南部分地区碳汇效应较强,西北内陆区表现出弱碳源效应,温带湿润区、高原温带区和高原寒带区碳汇效应呈显著上升趋势;中国11个气候区,NPP与降水均为正相关,除了中温带湿润区、寒温带湿润区、高原温带和高原寒带外,降水是限制植被生长的主要因子。除了高原寒带外,NEP同样表现出与降水的更强相关性,与气温的相关性较弱。经验证,IBIS模型对于中国陆地生态系统碳收支的模拟结果合理,可以为科学预测生态系统的固碳潜力和制定区域碳管理政策提供科学依据。     

镉胁迫对秋华柳根系活力及其Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe积累的影响

以秋华柳为试验材料,采用水培试验方式,设置CK(0 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺)、T₁(2 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺)、T₂(10 mg·L^-1Cd²⁺)、T₃(20 mg·L^-1Cd²⁺)、T₄(50 mg·L^-1Cd²⁺)5种镉处理浓度,通过对秋华柳根系活力,叶、韧皮部、木质部和根部的镉含量,以及Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe 5种常规金属元素含量的测定,研究了不同浓度镉胁迫下秋华柳根系活力及Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe 等金属元素含量的变化.结果表明:1)秋华柳根系活力随着镉处理浓度的增加而逐渐下降,当镉浓度≥10 mg·L^-1时,根系活力与对照相比显著下降.2)随着镉处理浓度的增加,秋华柳叶中Fe的积累受到显著抑制;韧皮部Mg、Mn、Fe的积累受到显著抑制;木质部Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe 等5种常规金属元素的积累无显著性差异;根部5种常规金属元素的吸收和积累受到显著抑制,表现出镉对其他金属元素积累的拮抗作用.其中,50 mg·L^-1的镉胁迫下,根部Zn的积累量降幅最大,受Cd的抑制最明显.3)各处理组Fe的转移系数与对照相比均无显著性差异;Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn的转移系数均高于对照,且在一定的镉处理水平上差异显著.4)镉胁迫下,秋华柳根部镉的积累量与Ca的积累量呈显著负相关,与其他4种常规金属元素的积累量呈极显著负相关,说明根部常规金属元素的变化可作为秋华柳受镉毒害程度的指示之一.     

蚤数量与宿主数量关系

无论在自然条件下或在人为条件下,蚤指数和染蚤率的高低与宿主密度的高低是一致的.宿主密度的升降,会导致其寄生蚤指数和染蚤率的升降. 本文讨论了宿主数量下降导致其寄生蚤数量下降的原因,仅是分析推测,提出几方面的看法.     

棉花根际亲和性高效促生细菌的分离筛选

为了从棉花根际土壤筛选能与棉花凝集素具有亲和作用的高效促生细菌,以选择性培养基从棉花根部初步筛选具有固氮能力、解磷能力及解钾能力的促生细菌,再以异硫氰酸磺(FITC)标记的棉花凝集素为复筛工具,从棉花根际促生细菌中筛选能与棉花凝集素结合的亲和性菌株,分别挑选2株固氮菌、2株解磷细菌和2株解钾细菌作为微生物肥料接种到棉花根部进行盆栽试验.观察其在根部定殖情况.结果是在选择性平板上有20%～30%的菌株具有凝集素染色阳性.盆栽试验显示,接种的6株亲和性菌株能在棉花根部成功定殖,根际细菌数量约是灭活对照的`0倍.通过初步鉴定,固氮菌株N1111为固氮菌属(Azotobacter),N2121属于德克斯氏菌属(Derxia);解磷菌株P2126属于黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas),P1108菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas);解钾菌株K2204和K2116属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus).     

北京油鸡ADSL基因的克隆、表达及其结构与功能分析

采用RT-PCR与RACE方法扩增出北京油鸡腺苷酸琥珀酸裂解酶(ADSL)基因全长cDNA序列,亚克隆和序列分析结果表明:该基因开放阅读框长为1455个碱基,编码485个氨基酸;5'端非转录调控区具有典型管家基因的特征,在临近起始密码子27号碱基发生C→T突变,该突变使得本来小是核呼吸因子2(NRF-2)结合位点的CTCC突变为NRF-2结合位点CTTC.将ADSL基因完整斤放阅读框重组至融合表达载体pGEX-4T-l中,构建成北京油鸡ADSL基因融合表达载体pOEX-ADSL,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),筛选阳性克隆,IPTG诱导表达.经SDS-PAGE电泳显示重组融合蛋白在约80.5kD处有特异蛋白条带出现,与预期分子量大小一致,等电点为6.79.该蛋白的表达最随诱导时间的延长而增加,5h达最高值,达到细胞总蛋白的26.9%,且主要以不可溶的包涵体形式存在,经优化表达条件,成功地获得了可溶性的融合蛋白,经Glutathione Sepharase 4B凝胶纯化后Western blotting检测表明其为北京油鸡ADSL蛋白,为其进一步的生物学功能及其应用研究鉴定基础.     

利用球孢链霉菌发酵液消化双歧杆菌细胞壁提取质粒的研究

目的寻找一种经济适用的提取双歧杆菌质粒的方法。方法利用球孢链霉菌发酵产生的变溶菌素来消化双歧杆菌细胞壁,提取质粒,并与商业化溶菌酶法比较。结果球孢链霉菌发酵液与溶菌酶均成功提取到质粒。结论利用球孢链霉菌发酵液提取质粒经济简便。     

长白山林区核桃楸种群数量动态变化的研究

运用种群年龄结构、存活曲线统计和Leslie模型对长白山核桃楸种群在水胡林、针阔混交林、核桃楸占优杂木林和杂木林4种不同群落类型中种群数量动态变化进行了研究和预测。结果表明,核桃楸种群表现出衰退型的年龄结构特点,幼苗和幼树比例较小,种群在幼年期死亡率较高,反映出核桃楸种群15~20龄在个体经历了比较强烈的环境筛作用;Leslie模型预测显示,核桃楸幼苗数量和种群总数量在今后35年基本呈下降趋势,除在核桃楸占优的林分中种群维持增长外,在其它3中森林类型都表现出衰退趋势。因此,促进核桃楸的天然更新、加强幼苗幼树的抚育工作对长白山地区核桃楸种群的发展至关重要。     

Assessing Greater Sage-Grouse Selection of Brood-Rearing Habitat Using Remotely-Sensed Imagery: Can Readily Available High-Resolution Imagery Be Used to Identify Brood-Rearing Habitat Across a Broad Landscape?

Greater sage-grouse populations have decreased steadily since European settlement in western North America. Reduced availability of brood-rearing habitat has been identified as a limiting factor for many populations. We used radio-telemetry to acquire locations of sage-grouse broods from 1998 to 2012 in Strawberry Valley, Utah. Using these locations and remotely-sensed NAIP (National Agricultural Imagery Program) imagery, we 1) determined which characteristics of brood-rearing habitat could be used in widely available, high resolution imagery 2) assessed the spatial extent at which sage-grouse selected brood-rearing habitat, and 3) created a predictive habitat model to identify areas of preferred brood-rearing habitat. We used AIC model selection to evaluate support for a list of variables derived from remotely-sensed imagery. We examined the relationship of these explanatory variables at three spatial extents (45, 200, and 795 meter radii). Our top model included 10 variables (percent shrub, percent grass, percent tree, percent paved road, percent riparian, meters of sage/tree edge, meters of riparian/tree edge, distance to tree, distance to transmission lines, and distance to permanent structures). Variables from each spatial extent were represented in our top model with the majority being associated with the larger (795 meter) spatial extent. When applied to our study area, our top model predicted 75% of naïve brood locations suggesting reasonable success using this method and widely available NAIP imagery. We encourage application of our methodology to other sage-grouse populations and species of conservation concern.     

ATP-sensitive inward rectifier and voltage- and calcium-activated K+ channels in cultured pancreatic islet cells

Summary K⁺ channels in cultured rat pancreatic islet cells have been studied using patch-clamp single-channel recording techniques in cell-attached and excised inside-out and outside-out membrane patches. Three different K⁺-selective channels have been found. Two inward rectifier K⁺ channels with slope conductances of about 4 and 17 pS recorded under quasi-physiological cation gradients (Na⁺ outside, K⁺ inside) and maximal conductances recorded in symmetrical K⁺-rich solutions of about 30 and 75 pS, respectively. A voltage- and calcium-activated K^– channel was recorded with a slope conductance of about 90 pS under the same conditions and a maximal conductance recorded in symmetrical K⁺-rich solutions of about 250 pS. Single-channel current recording in the cell-attached conformation revealed a continuous low level of activity in an apparently small number of both the inward rectifier K⁺ channels. But when membrane patches were excised from the intact cell a much larger number of inward rectifier K⁺ channels became transiently activated before showing an irreversible decline. In excised patches opening and closing of both the inward rectifier K⁺ channels were unaffected by voltage, internal Ca²⁺ or externally applied tetraethyl-ammonium (TEA) but the probability of opening of both inward rectifier K⁺ channels was reduced by internally applied 1–5mm adenosine-5-triphosphate (ATP). The large K⁺ channel was not operational in cell-attached membrane patches, but in excised patches it could be activated at negative membrane potentials by 10^–7 to 10^–6 m internal Ca²⁺ and blocked by 5–10mm external TEA.