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121.
Pete Smith Katherine Calvin Johnson Nkem Donovan Campbell Francesco Cherubini Giacomo Grassi Vladimir Korotkov Anh Le Hoang Shuaib Lwasa Pamela McElwee Ephraim Nkonya Nobuko Saigusa Jean‐Francois Soussana Miguel Angel Taboada Frances C. Manning Dorothy Nampanzira Cristina Arias‐Navarro Matteo Vizzarri Jo House Stephanie Roe Annette Cowie Mark Rounsevell Almut Arneth 《Global Change Biology》2020,26(3):1532-1575
There is a clear need for transformative change in the land management and food production sectors to address the global land challenges of climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, combatting land degradation and desertification, and delivering food security (referred to hereafter as “land challenges”). We assess the potential for 40 practices to address these land challenges and find that: Nine options deliver medium to large benefits for all four land challenges. A further two options have no global estimates for adaptation, but have medium to large benefits for all other land challenges. Five options have large mitigation potential (>3 Gt CO2eq/year) without adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Five options have moderate mitigation potential, with no adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Sixteen practices have large adaptation potential (>25 million people benefit), without adverse side effects on other land challenges. Most practices can be applied without competing for available land. However, seven options could result in competition for land. A large number of practices do not require dedicated land, including several land management options, all value chain options, and all risk management options. Four options could greatly increase competition for land if applied at a large scale, though the impact is scale and context specific, highlighting the need for safeguards to ensure that expansion of land for mitigation does not impact natural systems and food security. A number of practices, such as increased food productivity, dietary change and reduced food loss and waste, can reduce demand for land conversion, thereby potentially freeing‐up land and creating opportunities for enhanced implementation of other practices, making them important components of portfolios of practices to address the combined land challenges. 相似文献
122.
Brouwer Sophie M. Odilbekov Firuz Burra Dharani Dhar Lenman Marit Hedley Pete E. Grenville-Briggs Laura Alexandersson Erik Liljeroth Erland Andreasson Erik 《Plant molecular biology》2020,102(1-2):1-17
Plant Molecular Biology - HbMBF1a was isolated and characterized in H. brevisubulatum, and overexpressed HbMBF1a could enhance the salt tolerance and ABA insensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana. The... 相似文献
123.
124.
Andrés-Hernando A Altmann C Ahuja N Lanaspa MA Nemenoff R He Z Ishimoto T Simpson PA Weiser-Evans MC Bacalja J Faubel S 《American journal of physiology. Renal physiology》2011,301(4):F907-F916
Patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) have increased serum proinflammatory cytokines and an increased occurrence of respiratory complications. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of renal and extrarenal cytokine production on AKI-mediated lung injury in mice. C57Bl/6 mice underwent sham surgery, splenectomy, ischemic AKI, or ischemic AKI with splenectomy and kidney, spleen, and liver cytokine mRNA, serum cytokines, and lung injury were examined. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, CXCL1, IL-1β, and TNF-α were increased in the kidney, spleen, and liver within 6 h of ischemic AKI. Since splenic proinflammatory cytokines were increased, we hypothesized that splenectomy would protect against AKI-mediated lung injury. On the contrary, splenectomy with AKI resulted in increased serum IL-6 and worse lung injury as judged by increased lung capillary leak, higher lung myeloperoxidase activity, and higher lung CXCL1 vs. AKI alone. Splenectomy itself was not associated with increased serum IL-6 or lung injury vs. sham. To investigate the mechanism of the increased proinflammatory response, splenic production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was determined and was markedly upregulated. To confirm that splenic IL-10 downregulates the proinflammatory response of AKI, IL-10 was administered to splenectomized mice with AKI, which reduced serum IL-6 and improved lung injury. Our data demonstrate that AKI in the absence of a counter anti-inflammatory response by splenic IL-10 production results in an exuberant proinflammatory response and lung injury. 相似文献
125.
Krezel MA Rezmann LA Varghayee N Pete J Frauman AG Louis SN 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2011,75(3):414-418
To investigate the expression of the unknown angiotensin II type 2 receptor interacting protein (ATIP) isoforms in the rat we used the known sequences of human and mouse ATIP to design sequencing primers to enable us to sequence rat ATIP3 and ATIP4. Exon 4, which is present in human but not mouse ATIP, was not identified in the coding region of rat ATIP. The expression levels of these genes in a range of rat tissues were examined, and we concluded that there is little similarity in the relative tissue distribution of the various ATIP isoforms in rat and human. 相似文献
126.
Seth-Smith HM Harris SR Rance R West AP Severin JA Ossewaarde JM Cutcliffe LT Skilton RJ Marsh P Parkhill J Clarke IN Thomson NR 《Journal of bacteriology》2011,193(5):1282-1283
We present the first genome sequence of Chlamydophila psittaci, an intracellular pathogen of birds and a human zoonotic pathogen. A comparison with previously sequenced Chlamydophila genomes shows that, as in other chlamydiae, most of the genome diversity is restricted to the plasticity zone. The C. psittaci plasmid was also sequenced. 相似文献
127.
All size classes of soil fauna and litter quality control the acceleration of litter decay in its home environment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There is increasing evidence that litter decomposition is faster beneath the plant species it was derived from, an effect called home‐field advantage (HFA). Adaptation of soil biota to decompose the litter that they encounter most often has been proposed as the main mechanism to explain HFA. However, there is little direct evidence supporting this assumption and the contribution of different decomposer groups to the HFA is unknown. Furthermore, the large observed variation in the strength of the HFA may be linked to litter quality, with increasing HFA for more recalcitrant substrates. To test the relationship between HFA, litter quality and soil fauna, we performed a field litter bag experiment, with different mesh sizes and reciprocal litter transplants, across a successional gradient varying in litter quality inputs and soil fauna composition. The results show that the HFA was stronger in sites dominated by more recalcitrant litter inputs and provide evidence that a range of soil fauna size classes contribute to this effect. Our findings help explain the lack of HFA in ecosystems with simple litters and in studies where experimental artefacts (e.g. fine mesh sizes) affect the contribution from certain classes of soil fauna. 相似文献
128.
O'Reilly M Palfi A Chadderton N Millington-Ward S Ader M Cronin T Tuohy T Auricchio A Hildinger M Tivnan A McNally N Humphries MM Kiang AS Humphries P Kenna PF Farrar GJ 《American journal of human genetics》2007,81(1):127-135
Mutational heterogeneity represents a significant barrier to development of therapies for many dominantly inherited diseases. For example, >100 mutations in the rhodopsin gene (RHO) have been identified in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The development of therapies for dominant disorders that correct the primary genetic lesion and overcome mutational heterogeneity is challenging. Hence, therapeutics comprising two elements--gene suppression in conjunction with gene replacement--have been investigated. Suppression is targeted to a site independent of the mutation; therefore, both mutant and wild-type alleles are suppressed. In parallel with suppression, a codon-modified replacement gene refractory to suppression is provided. Both in vitro and in vivo validation of suppression and replacement for RHO-linked RP has been undertaken in the current study. RNA interference (RNAi) has been used to achieve ~90% in vivo suppression of RHO in photoreceptors, with use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) for delivery. Demonstration that codon-modifed RHO genes express functional wild-type protein has been explored transgenically, together with in vivo expression of AAV-delivered RHO-replacement genes in the presence of targeting RNAi molecules. Observation of potential therapeutic benefit from AAV-delivered suppression and replacement therapies has been obtained in Pro23His mice. Results provide the first in vivo indication that suppression and replacement can provide a therapeutic solution for dominantly inherited disorders such as RHO-linked RP and can be employed to circumvent mutational heterogeneity. 相似文献
129.
Williamson Jennifer L. Tye Andrew Lapworth Dan J. Monteith Don Sanders Richard Mayor Daniel J. Barry Chris Bowes Mike Bowes Michael Burden Annette Callaghan Nathan Farr Gareth Felgate Stacey Fitch Alice Gibb Stuart Gilbert Pete Hargreaves Geoff Keenan Patrick Kitidis Vassilis Juergens Monika Martin Adrian Mounteney Ian Nightingale Philip D. Pereira M. Gloria Olszewska Justyna Pickard Amy Rees Andrew P. Spears Bryan Stinchcombe Mark White Debbie Williams Peter Worrall Fred Evans Chris 《Biogeochemistry》2022,160(3):423-424
130.
Fabrizio Albanito Astley Hastings Nuala Fitton Mark Richards Mike Martin Niall Mac Dowell Dave Bell Simon C. Taylor Isabela Butnar Pei‐Hao Li Raphael Slade Pete Smith 《Global Change Biology Bioenergy》2019,11(10):1234-1252
New contingency policy plans are expected to be published by the United Kingdom government to set out urgent actions, such as carbon capture and storage, greenhouse gas removal and the use of sustainable bioenergy to meet the greenhouse gas reduction targets of the 4th and 5th Carbon Budgets. In this study, we identify two plausible bioenergy production pathways for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) based on centralized and distributed energy systems to show what BECCS could look like if deployed by 2050 in Great Britain. The extent of agricultural land available to sustainably produce biomass feedstock in the centralized and distributed energy systems is about 0.39 and 0.5 Mha, providing approximately 5.7 and 7.3 MtDM/year of biomass respectively. If this land‐use change occurred, bioenergy crops would contribute to reduced agricultural soil GHG emission by 9 and 11 /year in the centralized and distributed energy systems respectively. In addition, bioenergy crops can contribute to reduce agricultural soil ammonia emissions and water pollution from soil nitrate leaching, and to increase soil organic carbon stocks. The technical mitigation potentials from BECCS lead to projected CO2 reductions of approximately 18 and 23 /year from the centralized and distributed energy systems respectively. This suggests that the domestic supply of sustainable biomass would not allow the emission reduction target of 50 /year from BECCS to be met. To meet that target, it would be necessary to produce solid biomass from forest systems on 0.59 or 0.49 Mha, or alternatively to import 8 or 6.6 MtDM/year of biomass for the centralized and distributed energy system respectively. The spatially explicit results of this study can serve to identify the regional differences in the potential capture of CO2 from BECCS, providing the basis for the development of onshore CO2 transport infrastructures. 相似文献