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61.
K. SMALLA R. PRAGER M. ISEMANN† R. PUKALL E. TIETZE J. D. VAN ELSAS‡ H. TSCHÄPE 《Molecular ecology》1993,2(1):27-33
In this paper we report about a screening for streptothricin- (St)-resistant phenotypes and genotypes among environmental bacteria from a St virgin area. St-resistant bacteria were isolated from river water, sewage, manure and soil by selective plating. The resistance quotient was typical of an area without selective pressure. The occurrence of streptothricin acetyltransferase-encoding determinants and their localization on a Tn7-like transposon was tested by the application of a set of gene probes. Sat genes could be detected in 22.5% of the tested St-resistant bacteria but in 100% of the checked Enterobacteriaceae. However, we could not detect sat genes in St-resistant bacteria from soil samples. Surprisingly the sat genes were found to be located on conjugative or mobilizable plasmids for a rather high number of strains. The determined plasmid species and their restriction patterns showed a high degree of similarities to those observed from an area of strong selective pressure. 相似文献
62.
Sergey S. Pertel Oksana A. Gorkunenko Elena S. Kakayan Vasily Ja. Chirva 《Carbohydrate research》2011,(5):685
The reaction of a partially protected 1-hydroxy derivative of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine with benzyl bromide under conditions of anomeric O-alkylation was studied. It was found that the stereoselectivity of the reaction depended on the nature of the alkali metal cation constituent of a transient ion pair. The substitution of the Li+ cation for K+ or complexation with a crown ether allowed the steric outcome to be shifted from β- to α-selectivity. 相似文献
63.
Blaine F. Severin Ph. D PE. Peter F. Roessler Jyotirmoy Dey 《Quantitative Microbiology》1999,1(2):111-136
A UV reactor with an annular design, a total liquid volume of 460[emsp4 ]ml, and outfitted with a single lamp with 1690[emsp4 ]mW of germicidal power was tested. Coliphage MS2 was used as a bioactinometer to measure the UV dose at a flow rate of 56.7[emsp4 ]ml/sec in water with a very low absorbance. The Beers Law coefficient was A100.003. The measured dose (MS2 bioactinometry) was 35.2±1.1[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm2.A retention time distribution was generated with a dye tracer study. The reactor was modeled as if flow was confined to ten equal volume paths existing as concentric rings around the lamp. The UV intensity along each path (ith intensity) was calculated to generate a simulated distribution of UV intensity in the reactor. The retention time distribution was subdivided to estimate the retention time associated with each decile jth time) of the total flow.Seven methods of associating the ith intensity with the jth retention time were used to produce simulated dose distributions for the reactor. The average UV dose for each distribution was calculated as the average of the products of I and t (AP protocol) and by the apparent survival (AS protocol), in which the predicted survival along each path was averaged to back-calculate dose from the reference batch inactivation curve. The average dose predicted assuming that time and intensity were independent was 51.5[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm2 based on the arithmetic average (AP protocol). Using the apparent survival method, the predicted dose for the independent distribution (I independent of t) was 36.4[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm2. Three methods of developing dependent structure between time and intensity were tested. In the best possible case for stratified flow (I negatively correlated with t) the calculated (AS) intensity was 46.3[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm2. In the worst case for stratified flow (I positively correlated with t) the AS intensity was 32.0[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm2. In a rational case where flows were assumed to be distributed parabolically (low flow at the wall and at the lamp) produced an AS intensity of 37.7[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm2. When either time or intensity was averaged, while the other variable was allowed to keep its distribution, the (AS) dose (time averaged 43.3[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm2, intensity averaged 41.0[emsp4 ]mW-sec/cm2), yielded a poor prediction compared to the measured value.The errors associated with averaging time, intensity, or both, far outweigh the errors associated with choosing a rational distribution or an independent distribution of time and intensity in the prediction. This observation is generally true whenever an organism is exposed to UV light in a flow through reactor such that the range of doses is within the portion of the inactivation curve exhibiting strong exponential decay. 相似文献