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71.
Bryozoans were investigated during field studies of 601 lakes and other surface water bodies throughout Norway from 1960 to 1978. The frequency of occurrence of Plumatella fruticosawas evaluated in relation to 12 environmental variables. Statistically significant deviations from the frequencies expected on the basis of random distribution were described using the categories preference, avoidance, and absence. According to our material P. fruticosais one of the most common bryozoan species in Norwegian fresh water, represented in samples from 251 localities. This species occurred frequently all over the country, north to 71° 06 N (the northernmost record globally). Maximum elevation above sea level was 1179 m (maximum for Northern Europe).In most studies of freshwater bryozoans from the holarctic region, Plumatella fruticosahas been reported as widely distributed, but locally rare. In Norway, however, P. fruticosa is frequently found all over the country, even far to the north. The species apparently finds an optimal climate in the cold temperate and cold regions of Norway. Plumatella fruticosapreferred lakes, avoided slow-flowing rivers and ponds, and was absent in smaller water bodies. The species preferred somewhat higher elevation (400–900 m above sea level), but avoided lakes with the lowest summer temperatures (below 11 °C). P. fruticosa also preferred oligotrophic conditions with poor aquatic vegetation, stony shores, lakes poor in calcium and magnesium (sometimes almost comparable with distilled water), where the water was clear and colourless, and slightly acidic to neutral. The species also preferred lakes surrounded by Sphagnum bogs and was absent when pH was below 5.2. P. fruticosa avoided eutrophic conditions with rich aquatic vegetation, alkaline water (pH above 7.0), lakes with a higher content of calcium and magnesium and those with strongly coloured water (above 100 mg Pt l–1). In spite of its preference for ion-poor conditions, it was also found in a brackish water lake. For most environmental variables, the species had a wider tolerance range than reported from elsewhere. 相似文献
72.
Øyvind Melien Laila S Nilssen Olav F Dajani Kristin Larsen Sand Jens-Gustav Iversen Dagny L Sandnes Thoralf Christoffersen 《BMC cell biology》2002,3(1):5-11
Background
Previous studies have shown that several agents that stimulate heptahelical G-protein coupled receptors activate the extracellular signal regulated kinases ERK1 (p44mapk) and ERK2 (p42mapk) in hepatocytes. The molecular pathways that convey their signals to ERK1/2 are only partially clarified. In the present study we have explored the role of Ca2+ and Ca2+-dependent steps leading to ERK1/2 activation induced by norepinephrine and prostaglandin (PG)F2α.Results
Pretreatment of the cells with the Ca2+ chelators BAPTA-AM or EGTA, as well as the Ca2+ influx inhibitor gadolinium, resulted in a partial decrease of the ERK response. Furthermore, the calmodulin antagonists W-7, trifluoperazine, and J-8 markedly decreased ERK activation. Pretreatment with KN-93, an inhibitor of the multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, had no effect on ERK activation. The Src kinase inhibitors PP1 and PP2 partially diminished the ERK responses elicited by both norepinephrine and PGF2α.Conclusion
The present data indicate that Ca2+ is involved in ERK activation induced by hormones acting on G protein-coupled receptors in hepatocytes, and suggest that calmodulin and Src kinases might play a role in these signaling pathways. 相似文献73.
Weltzien FA Taranger GL Karlsen Ø Norberg B 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology》2002,132(3):567-575
Spermatogenesis in male Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) was investigated by sampling blood plasma and testicular tissue from 15-39-month-old fish. The experiment covered a period in which all fish reached puberty and completed sexual maturation at least once. The germinal compartment in Atlantic halibut testis appears to be organized in branching lobules of the unrestricted spermatogonial type, because spermatocysts with spermatogonia were found throughout the testis. Spermatogenesis was characterized histologically, and staged according to the most advanced type of germ cell present: spermatogonia (Stage I), spermatogonia and spermatocytes (Stage II), spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids (Stage III), spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa (Stage IV), and regressing testis (Stage V). Three phases could be distinguished: first, an initial phase with low levels of circulating testosterone (T; quantified by RIA) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT; quantified by ELISA), spermatogonial proliferation, and subsequently the initiation of meiosis marked by the formation of spermatocytes (Stage I and II). Secondly, a phase with increasing T and 11-KT levels and with haploid germ cells including spermatozoa present in the testis (Stage III and IV). Thirdly, a phase with low T and 11-KT levels and a regressing testis with Sertoli cells displaying signs of phagocytotic activity (Stage V). Circulating levels of 11-KT were at least four-fold higher than those of T during all stages of spermatogenesis. Increasing plasma levels of T and 11-KT were associated with increasing testicular mass throughout the reproductive cycle. The absolute level of, or the relation between, testis growth and circulating androgens were not significantly different in first time spawners compared to fish that underwent their second spawning season. These results provide reference levels for Atlantic halibut spermatogenesis. 相似文献
74.
-1,3-glucan polymers are major structural components of fungal cell walls, while cellulosic -1,4-glucan is the predominant polysaccharide in plant cell walls. Plant -1,3-glucan, called callose, is produced in pollen and in response to pathogen attack and wounding, but it has been unclear whether callose synthases can also produce cellulose and whether plant cellulose synthases may also produce -1,3-glucans. We describe here an Arabidopsis gene, AtGsl5, encoding a plasma membrane-localized protein homologous to yeast -1,3-glucan synthase whose expression partially complements a yeast -1,3-glucan synthase mutant. AtGsl5 is developmentally expressed at highest levels in flowers, consistent with flowers having high -1,3-glucan synthase activities for deposition of callose in pollen. A role for AtGsl5 in callose synthesis is also indicated by AtGsl5expression in the Arabidopsis
mpk4 mutant which exhibits systemic acquired resistance (SAR), elevated -1,3-glucan synthase activity, and increased callose levels. In addition, AtGsl5 is a likely target of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent SAR, since AtGsl5mRNA accumulation is induced by SA in wild-type plants, while expression of the nahG salicylate hydroxylase reduces AtGsl5 mRNA levels in the mpk4 mutant. These results indicate that AtGsl5is likely involved in callose synthesis in flowering tissues and in the mpk4 mutant. 相似文献
75.
Hedin EM Høyrup P Patkar SA Vind J Svendsen A Fransson L Hult K 《Biochemistry》2002,41(48):14185-14196
The binding orientation of the interfacially activated Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase (TLL, EC 3.1.1.3) on phospholipid vesicles was investigated using site-directed spin labeling and electron spin resonance (ESR) relaxation spectroscopy. Eleven TLL single-cysteine mutants, each with the mutation positioned at the surface of the enzyme, were selectively spin labeled with the nitroxide reagent (1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-Delta(3)-pyrroline-3-methyl) methanethiosulfonate. These were studied together with small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) consisting of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG), to which TLL has previously been shown to bind in a catalytically active form [Cajal, Y., et al. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 413-423]. The orientation of TLL with respect to the lipid membrane was investigated using a water-soluble spin relaxation agent, chromium(III) oxalate (Crox), and a recently developed ESR relaxation technique [Lin, Y., et al. (1998) Science 279, 1925-1929], here modified to low microwave amplitude (<0.36 G). The exposure to Crox for the spin label at the different positions on the surface of TLL was determined in the absence and presence of vesicles. The spin label at positions Gly61-Cys and Thr267-Cys, closest to the active site nucleophile Ser146 of the positions analyzed, displayed the lowest exposure factors to the membrane-impermeable spin relaxant, indicating the proximity to the vesicle surface. As an independent technique, fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to measure fluorescence quenching of dansyl-labeled POPG vesicles as exerted by the protein-bound spin labels. The resulting Stern-Volmer quenching constants showed excellent agreement with the ESR exposure factors. An interfacial orientation of TLL is proposed on the basis of the obtained results. 相似文献
76.
Three anthocyanins were isolated from the red flowers of chenille plant, Acalypha hispida Burm. (Euphorbiaceae) by a combination of chromatographic techniques. Their structures were elucidated mainly by homo- and heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry, and supported with complete assignments of 13C NMR resonances. The novel pigment, cyanidin 3-O-(2"-galloyl-6"-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-beta-galactopyranoside) (5%), contains the disaccharide robinoside. The other anthocyanins were identified as cyanidin 3-O-(2"-galloyl-beta-galactopyranoside) (85%), and cyanidin 3-O-beta-galactopyranoside (5%). Anthocyanins acylated with gallic acid have previously been identified in species from the families Nymphaeaceae and Aceraceae, and tentatively in Abrus precatorius (Leguminosae). 相似文献
77.
Henriksen TF Hölmich LR Friis S McLaughlin JK Fryzek JP Pernille Høyer A Kjøller K Olsen JH 《Plastic and reconstructive surgery》2003,111(7):2182-9; discussion 2190-1
Although numerous epidemiologic studies have examined the long-term safety of silicone breast implants during the past decade, there is a relative lack of surveillance data on short-term health effects and complications following cosmetic surgery of the breast. The Danish Registry for Plastic Surgery of the Breast, established in May of 1999, provides plastic surgeons with a nationwide system for the collection of preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative data on women undergoing breast implantation, breast reduction, or mastopexy. The purpose of the Registry is to examine short-term and, eventually, long-term local complications and possible health effects, and to contribute to an ongoing evaluation of surgical results and surveillance of the products. Furthermore, the Registry will allow the identification of new areas for research into cosmetic and reconstructive breast surgery. Women accepting registration in the Danish Registry for Plastic Surgery of the Breast complete a self-administered questionnaire focusing on medical history and demographic and behavioral factors. Preoperative blood samples are drawn for storage. Surgical data, postoperative results, and complications are registered following surgery and at postoperative visits. Currently, registration has been initiated at 24 private and public clinics, representing more than 80 percent of the plastic surgery clinics in Denmark. As of November of 2001, a total of 1472 women with breast implants and 560 women with breast reduction were included in the Registry. These figures are expected to increase annually by 1000 women undergoing breast implantation and 500 women undergoing breast reduction or mastopexy. The authors present their experience of establishing the first nationwide comprehensive clinical-epidemiologic database and biological bank for cosmetic and reconstructive surgery procedures. 相似文献
78.
Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis in the differentiation of related species of mycobacteria 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kurabachew M Enger Ø Sandaa RA Lemma E Bjorvatn B 《Journal of microbiological methods》2003,55(1):83-90
This study explores the potential of the amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) for intra- and interspecies identification of the genus Mycobacteria. A set of primers was used to amplify part of the 16S and 23S rDNA as well as the 16S-23S rDNA spacer from 121 isolates belonging to 13 different mycobacterial species. Restriction analysis was carried out with five different restriction enzymes, namely CfoI, HaeIII, RsaI, MspI and TaqI. Restriction digestion of the PCR product using CfoI enabled differentiation between 9 of the 13 mycobacterial species, whereas the remaining four enzymes differentiated between 7 of these 13 species. None of the five enzymes distinguished between different isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or between species within the M. tuberculosis complex i.e., M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. bovis BCG and M. africanum. Although ARDRA analysis of the 16S-23S rDNA does not seem to have a potential for intraspecies differentiation, it has proven to be a rapid and technically relatively simple method to recognise strains belonging to the M. tuberculosis complex as well as to identify mycobacterial species outside this complex. 相似文献
79.
Fas (CD95/Apo-1) exists both in membrane-bound and in biologically active soluble (s) forms. Ligation of membrane-expressed
Fas can induce apoptosis, and Fas-mediated signaling seems to be involved in T-cell-induced apoptosis of human acute myelogenous
leukemia (AML) blasts. The local release of sFas by AML blasts may then function as a protective mechanism by competing with
membrane-bound Fas for binding sites on the common Fas ligand (FasL). sFas was released by AML blasts during in vitro culture,
and this release was modulated by several cytokines that can be secreted by activated T cells. Increased levels of sFas could
be detected during in vitro activation of T cells in the presence of native AML accessory cells, and this was observed both
for (i) mitogenic activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell clones derived from acute leukemia patients with therapy-induced leukopenia and (ii) allostimulated activation of
T cells derived from normal donors. However, local in vivo levels of sFas will also be influenced by variations in systemic
levels. High serum levels of sFas were detected in acute leukemia patients during chemotherapy-induced cytopenia, but these
levels decreased during complicating bacterial infections. In contrast, serum levels of sFasL were normal in leukopenic patients.
The present results support the hypothesis that local release of sFas can function as a protective mechanism against AML-reactive
T cells, but the effects of this local release are, in addition, modulated by variations in systemic levels of sFas (but not
sFasL).
Received: 9 March 2000 / Accepted: 25 May 2000 相似文献
80.
Øystein Rist Marie Grimstrup Jean-Marie Receveur Thomas M. Frimurer Trond Ulven Evi Kostenis Thomas Högberg 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2010,20(3):1177-1180
Structure–activity relationships of three related series of 4-phenylthiazol-5-ylacetic acids, derived from two hits emanating from a focused library obtained by in silico screening, have been explored as CRTH2 (chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells) antagonists. Several compounds with double digit nanomolar binding affinity and full antagonistic efficacy for human CRTH2 receptor were obtained in all subclasses. The most potent compound was [2-(4-chloro-benzyl)-4-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)-thiazol-5-yl]acetic acid having an binding affinity of 3.7 nM and functional antagonistic effect of 66 nM in a BRET and 12 nM in a cAMP assay with no functional activity for the other PGD2 DP receptor (27 μM in cAMP). 相似文献