Resolution of Rac‐Bambuterol via Diastereoisomeric Salt Formation with o‐Chloromandelic Acid and Differences in the Enantiomers' Pharmacodynamical Effects in Guinea Pigs and Beagles

In this study an enantioseparation method for rac‐bambuterol (5‐(2‐(tert‐butylamino)‐1‐hydroxyethyl)‐1,3‐phenylene bis(dimethylcarbamate)) via diastereoisomeric salt formation with o‐chloromandelic acid was developed. The enantiomeric excess (ee) values and chemical purities of the desired products were confirmed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using chiral stationary phase and reverse‐phase HPLC analyses, respectively. The ee values and the chemical purities both exceeded 99%. Animal experiments showed that (R)‐bambuterol was a potent inhibitor for histamine‐induced asthma reactions. (S)‐bambuterol was ineffective in relaxing the airways. Both enantiomers increased heart rates in beagles. Therefore, replacing rac‐bambuterol with (R)‐bambuterol could be beneficial for asthma patients. Chirality 28:306–312, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Expression of recombinant and mosaic Cry1Ac receptors from Helicoverpa armigera and their influences on the cytotoxicity of activated Cry1Ac to Spodoptera litura Sl-HP cells

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin receptors play important roles in the killing of pests, and investigation on characterization of the receptors is essential for utilization of Bt and management of insect resistance. Here, recombinant and mosaic receptors of Bt Cry1Ac toxin from Helicoverpa armigera were expressed in Spodoptera litura Sl-HP cells and their influences on cytotoxicity of activated Cry1Ac toxin were investigated. When H. armigera aminopeptidase N1 (APN1), alkaline phosphatase 2 (ALP2) and cadherin fused with or without GFP tag were, respectively, expressed in Sl-HP cells, live cell-immunofluorescence staining detection revealed that the quantity of the toxin binding to cadherin or cadherin-GFP was much more than that binding to ALP2 and APN1 or their fusion proteins with GFP, and only the cadherin- or cadherin-GFP-expressing cells showed aberrant cell morphology after the treatment of the toxin at low concentrations. ALP2 and APN1 fused with or without GFP tag did not significantly enhance the cadherin-mediated cytotoxicity of the toxin. The mosaic ALP-TBR-GFP-GPI was located on cell membrane, but did not bind to the toxin. The mosaic truncated cadherin-GFP-GPI was not located on cell membrane even if the signal peptide was sustained. The concentrations of the toxin resulting in swelling of 50 % cells for noncadherin-expressing Sl-HP cells and cadherin-expressing Hi5 cells were 5.08 and 9.50 µg/ml within 1 h, respectively. Taken together, our data have indicated that the binding affinity of ALP2 and APN1 to activated Cry1Ac toxin is much weaker than that of cadherin and both ALP2 and APN1 do not enhance the cytotoxicity of the toxin even though cadherin is co-expressed, and the mosaic receptor of ALP2 inserted with cadherin toxin binding domain does not mediate cytotoxicity of the toxin. In addition, the noncadherin-expressing Sl-HP cells are more susceptible to activated Cry1Ac than the cadherin-expressing Hi5 cells.