Thymic cell migration in the subnodular spaces of draining lymph nodes of rats

Little is known about the pathway of possible lymphocyte traffic in the nodules (germinal centers) of the node. Observations reported here indicate the involvement of the subnodular spaces. These spaces, which constitute the inner limit of the nodules, are contiguous to the perivascular channels of the postcapillary venules which partially encircle each nodule. Twelve hours after a local transfer of labeled thymic cells, they were observed in the subnodular spaces and in the perivascular channels of the draining nodes. It is proposed that the spaces and the channels provide a pathway for the rapid migration of lymphocytes entering a node via the afferent lymph and, probably, carrying an immunogenic information. The pathway would permit these cells to transmit the information rapidly to the appropriate cell population(s) of a node draining a tissue undergoing an immunological process.     

NEUROSECRETORY CELL PROTEIN METABOLISM IN THE LAND SNAIL,OTALA LACTEA

—Protein synthesis in an identified molluscan neurosecretory cell of the land snail, Otala lactea was examined using three different types of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cells taken from active snails synthesized specific low molecular weight proteins while those from aestivated snails did not. Most of the newly synthesized low molecular weight proteins in the active snails were lost from the cell body when the preparations was chased for 19 h in label-free enriched medium in the presence of anisomycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. If colchicine, a blocker of axonal transport, was included in the chase medium, the proteins present following a pulse were largely replaced by smaller molecular weight species. The results suggest that specific low molecular weight proteins are converted to smaller species and then transported from the cell body.     

TEB/POLQ plays dual roles in protecting Arabidopsis from NO-induced DNA damage

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key player in numerous physiological processes. Excessive NO induces DNA damage, but how plants respond to this damage remains unclear. We screened and identified an Arabidopsis NO hypersensitive mutant and found it to be allelic to TEBICHI/POLQ, encoding DNA polymerase θ. The teb mutant plants were preferentially sensitive to NO- and its derivative peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage and subsequent double-strand breaks (DSBs). Inactivation of TEB caused the accumulation of spontaneous DSBs largely attributed to endogenous NO and was synergistic to DSB repair pathway mutations with respect to growth. These effects were manifested in the presence of NO-inducing agents and relieved by NO scavengers. NO induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in the teb mutant, indicative of stalled replication forks. Genetic analyses indicate that Polθ is required for translesion DNA synthesis across NO-induced lesions, but not oxidation-induced lesions. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that Polθ bypasses NO-induced base adducts in an error-free manner and generates mutations characteristic of Polθ-mediated end joining. Our experimental data collectively suggests that Polθ plays dual roles in protecting plants from NO-induced DNA damage. Since Polθ is conserved in higher eukaryotes, mammalian Polθ may also be required for balancing NO physiological signaling and genotoxicity.     

基于NGS的染色质测序在肿瘤研究中的应用

染色质是真核生物细胞核内由核酸和蛋白质组成的复合结构,有着精密且复杂的三维结构。染色质除基本的DNA序列外,内部还存在着不同化学修饰,DNA-蛋白质相互作用,DNA-DNA相互作用和DNA-RNA相互作用,以上这些若发生改变都可能在肿瘤发生发展过程中起到至关重要的作用。通过不同的染色质测序方法,可以解析出这些改变,并进一步加深研究者对肿瘤形成机制的理解,最终应用于肿瘤的治疗。本文对常见的染色质测序技术部分原理和应用进行综述。     

Analysis of ribosomal DNA restriction patterns in the genusKluyveromyces

Riboprinting was used to determine the relationships among strains belonging to 15 species of the genusKluyveromyces. The small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) was amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and subjected to a battery of nine restriction enzymes. Similarity coefficients between strains were calculated based on shared and unique restriction fragments. Cluster analysis revealed three major groups that generally correlated with previously reported relationships based on other molecular data. Variations in SSU rDNA restriction fragments may be used for differentiation of theKluyveromyces strains included in this study.The U.S. Government right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Lipidomic changes during different growth stages of Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima

Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray ionization-Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF–MS) is a powerful lipidomic tool. In this study, we developed a UPLC/Q-TOF–MS based method to investigate the lipid metabolomic changes in different growth phases of Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima. The data classification and biomarker selection were carried out by using multivariate statistical analysis, including principal components analysis (PCA), projection to latent structures with discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal projection to latent structures with discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). We discovered that the intercellular lipid metabolites were significantly different among exponential, early stationary and late stationary phases. Thirty-one lipid molecules were selected and identified as putative biomarkers, including free fatty acid, Harderoporphyrin, phosphatidylglycerol, 1,2-diacyglycerl-3-O-4′-(N,N-trimethy)-homoserine, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, lyso-sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol and lyso-digalactosyldiacylglycerol. These lipids have been shown previously to function in energy storage, membrane stability and photosynthesis efficiency during the growth of diatoms. Further analysis on the putative biomarkers demonstrated that nitrate starvation played critical role in the transition from exponential phase to stationary phase in N. closterium. This study is the first one to explore the lipidomic changes of microalgae in different growth phases, which promotes better understanding of their physiology and ecology.