全文获取类型
收费全文 | 326篇 |
免费 | 32篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 4篇 |
2019年 | 3篇 |
2018年 | 4篇 |
2017年 | 3篇 |
2016年 | 4篇 |
2015年 | 11篇 |
2014年 | 10篇 |
2013年 | 11篇 |
2012年 | 12篇 |
2011年 | 15篇 |
2010年 | 19篇 |
2009年 | 10篇 |
2008年 | 20篇 |
2007年 | 12篇 |
2006年 | 11篇 |
2005年 | 15篇 |
2004年 | 12篇 |
2003年 | 14篇 |
2002年 | 9篇 |
2001年 | 4篇 |
2000年 | 12篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 7篇 |
1996年 | 6篇 |
1995年 | 5篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 3篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
1969年 | 2篇 |
1965年 | 2篇 |
1959年 | 2篇 |
1958年 | 2篇 |
1957年 | 2篇 |
1956年 | 3篇 |
1954年 | 4篇 |
1952年 | 2篇 |
1951年 | 4篇 |
1950年 | 6篇 |
1949年 | 3篇 |
1945年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有358条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
11.
Dominique Rumeau Stephan Cuiné Laurent Fina Nathalie Gault Michel Nicole Gilles Peltier 《Planta》1996,199(1):79-88
The intracellular compartmentation of carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1), an enzyme that catalyses the reversible hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate, has been investigated in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) leaves. Although enzyme activity was mainly located in chloroplasts (87% of total cellular activity), significant activity (13%) was also found in the cytosol. The corresponding CA isoforms were purified either from chloroplasts or crude leaf extracts, respectively. The cytosolic isoenzyme has a molecular mass of 255 000 and is composed of eight identical subunits with an estimated M
r of 30000. The chloroplastic isoenzyme (M
r 220000) is also an octamer composed of two different subunits with M
r estimated at 27 000 and 27 500, respectively. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of both chloroplastic CA subunits demonstrated that they were identical except that the M
r-27 000 subunit was three amino acids shorter than that of the M
r-27 500 subunit. Cytosolic and chloroplastic CA isoenzymes were found to be similarly inhibited by monovalent anions (Cl–, I–, N
3
-
and NO
3
-
) and by sulfonamides (ethoxyzolamide and acetozolamide). Both CA isoforms were found to be dependent on a reducing agent such as cysteine or dithiothreitol in order to retain the catalytic activity, but 2-mercaptoethanol was found to be a potent inhibitor. A polyclonal antibody directed against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the chloroplastic CA monomers also recognized the cytosolic CA isoform. This antibody was used for immunocytolocalization experiments which confirmed the intracellular compartmentation of CA: within chloroplasts, CA is restricted to the stroma and appears randomly distributed in the cytosol.Abbreviations BSA
bovine serum albumin
- CA
carbonic anhydrase
- PMSF
phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride
- BAM
benzamidine
- DTT
dithiothreitol
- 2-ME
2-mercaptoethanol
- PVDF
polyvinylidene difluoride
The authors thanks P. Carrier and Dr. B. Dimon for technical assistance with the mass-spectrometry measurements. 相似文献
12.
The rhodopsin system of the squid 总被引:6,自引:19,他引:6
Squid rhodopsin (λmax 493 mµ)—like vertebrate rhodopsins—contains a retinene chromophore linked to a protein, opsin. Light transforms rhodopsin to lumi- and metarhodopsin. However, whereas vertebrate metarhodopsin at physiological temperatures decomposes into retinene and opsin, squid metarhodopsin is stable. Light also converts squid metarhodopsin to rhodopsin. Rhodopsin is therefore regenerated from metarhodopsin in the light. Irradiation of rhodopsin or metarhodopsin produces a steady state by promoting the reactions, See PDF for Equation Squid rhodopsin contains neo-b (11-cis) retinene; metarhodopsin all-trans retinene. The interconversion of rhodopsin and metarhodopsin involves only the stereoisomerization of their chromophores. Squid metarhodopsin is a pH indicator, red (λmax 500 mµ) near neutrality, yellow (λmax 380 mµ) in alkaline solution. The two forms—acid and alkaline metarhodopsin—are interconverted according to the equation, Alkaline metarhodopsin + H+ acid metarhodopsin, with pK 7.7. In both forms, retinene is attached to opsin at the same site as in rhodopsin. However, metarhodopsin decomposes more readily than rhodopsin into retinene and opsin. The opsins apparently fit the shape of the neo-b chromophore. When light isomerizes the chromophore to the all-trans configuration, squid opsin accepts the all-trans chromophore, while vertebrate opsins do not and hence release all-trans retinene. Light triggers vision by affecting directly the shape of the retinene chromophore. This changes its relationship with opsin, so initiating a train of chemical reactions. 相似文献
13.
14.
15.
P. Guicherd J. P. Peltier E. Gout R. Bligny G. Marigo 《Trees - Structure and Function》1997,11(3):155-161
In leaves of Fraxinus excelsior L., malate and mannitol were characterized by 13C NMR spectroscopy and enzymatic specific assays as the major constituents of a soluble carbon fraction involved in an osmotic
adjustment. During a summer drought where predawn leaf water potential of adult trees growing in a mesoxerophilic stand fell
to – 4 MPa in August, malate and mannitol leaf contents increased by a factor of 1.8 and 2.2 respectively, compared to control
trees growing on a flood plain. This drought stress led to concentrations as high as 280 mM and 600 mM for mannitol and malate,
respectively. The effects of gradually developing water deficit were also studied in a semi-controlled environment in 3-year-old
seedlings. When predawn leaf water potential reached -6 MPa, leaves displayed a low turgor pressure but stomatal conductance
was still measurable. Malate and mannitol were also the main osmoticum involved. After rewatering, gas exchange capacities
were largely restored. Altogether, these results show that the strong water-stress tolerance of Fraxinus excelsior is in part related to an accumulation of malate and mannitol.
Received: 3 January 1996 / Accepted: 19 March 1996 相似文献
16.
Mapping of a Gene for Long QT Syndrome to Chromosome 4q25-27 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
Jean-Jacques Schott Flavien Charpentier Sophie Peltier Patrick Foley Emmanuel Drouin Jean-Brieuc Bouhour Patricia Donnelly Gilles Vergnaud Lucien Bachner Jean-Paul Moisan Herv Le Marec Olivier Pascal 《American journal of human genetics》1995,57(5):1114-1122
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a heterogeneous inherited disorder causing syncope and sudden death from ventricular arrhythmias. A first locus for this disorder was mapped to chromosome 11p15.5. However, locus heterogeneity has been demonstrated in several families, and two other loci have recently been located on chromosomes 7q35-36 and 3p21-24. We used linkage analysis to map the locus in a 65-member family in which LQTS was associated with more marked sinus bradycardia than usual, leading to sinus node dysfunction. Linkage to chromosome 11p15.5, 7q35-36, or 3p21-24 was excluded. Positive linkage was obtained for markers located on chromosome 4q25-27. A maximal LOD score of 7.05 was found for marker D4S402. The identification of a fourth locus for LQTS confirms its genetic heterogeneity. Locus 4q25-27 is associated with a peculiar phenotype within the LQTS entity. 相似文献
17.
ALAN SHER MARK ST. J. CRANE LOUIS V. KIRCHHOFF 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》1983,30(2):278-283
The differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes into trypomastigotes was studied in diffusion chambers sub-cutaneously implanted in mice. Using epimastigotes of the Tulahuén strain, transformation was first evident at 16 h after implantation and reached its maximum (92% trypomastigotes) by 24 h. Shortly before their differentiation into trypomastigotes, epimastigotes were found to develop resistance to lysis by the alternative pathway of complement. Furthermore, implantation of stationary-phase (as opposed to log-phase) parasites resulted in the accumulation of large numbers of complement-resistant epimastigotes in the chambers. These observations suggest that epimastigotes pass through a complement-resistant transitional stage before differentiating into trypomastigotes and that transformation may require cell division. In a further series of experiments, epimastigotes recovered 7 h after implantation in mice were found to differentiate into trypomastigotes when cultured in vitro for an additional 17 h at 37°C. This observation indicates that the events which trigger the morphologic transformation of epimastigotes into trypomastigotes can be dissociated operationally from the differentiation process itself. 相似文献
18.
The intrasubfamilial classification of Microdontinae Rondani (Diptera: Syrphidae) has been a challenge: until recently more than 300 out of more than 400 valid species names were classified in Microdon Meigen. We present phylogenetic analyses of molecular and morphological characters (both separate and combined) of Microdontinae. The morphological dataset contains 174 characters, scored for 189 taxa (9 outgroup), representing all 43 presently recognized genera and several subgenera and species groups. The molecular dataset, representing 90 ingroup species of 28 genera, comprises sequences of five partitions in total from the mitochondrial gene COI and the nuclear ribosomal genes 18S and 28S. We test the sister‐group relationship of Spheginobaccha with the other Microdontinae, attempt to elucidate phylogenetic relationships within the Microdontinae and discuss uncertainties in the classification of Microdontinae. Trees based on molecular characters alone are poorly resolved, but combined data are better resolved. Support for many deeper nodes is low, and placement of such nodes differs between parsimony and Bayesian analyses. However, Spheginobaccha is recovered as highly supported sister group in both. Both analyses agree on the early branching of Mixogaster, Schizoceratomyia, Afromicrodon and Paramicrodon. The taxonomical rank in relation to the other Syrphidae is discussed briefly. An additional analysis based on morphological characters only, including all 189 taxa, used implied weighting. A range of weighting strengths (k‐values) is applied, chosen such that values of character fit of the resulting trees are divided into regular intervals. Results of this analysis are used for discussing the phylogenetic relationships of genera unrepresented in the molecular dataset. 相似文献
19.
Abstract: Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Upper Barremian ammonite genus Gassendiceras (Gassendiceratinae) was performed using a cladistic analysis incorporating continuous data. Some morphological features were found to vary identically among all the analysed species and therefore carry no phylogenetic information (= symplesiomorphic). The single obtained cladogram allows interpreting the evolution of the Gassendiceras as an anagenetic succession of eight species, in stratigraphic order of appearance, Gassendiceras multicostatum, G. alpinum, G. hoheneggeri, G. rebouleti, G. bosellii, G. quelquejeui, G. coulletae and G. enayi. The clade Pseudoshasticrioceras/Imerites is derived from G. enayi, so the genus Gassendiceras appears to be paraphyletic. But here, we accept this fact as the best evolutive classification. The evolution over time of Gassendiceras is modulated by some processes, which could have constrained the inferred phylogenetic pattern with the drift of the global variability towards the most gracile forms over time. It is tempting to interpret this evolution as a constant selection over time of the Gassendiceras modulated by environmental control due to eustatic variation across a transgressive sequence. Thus, the most peramorphic (gracile) individuals seemed favoured at the expense of those most robust (paedomorphic). 相似文献
20.
Lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under heat stress unveil a direct route for the conversion of membrane lipids into storage lipids 下载免费PDF全文