Genetic variation for aerial dispersal behavior in the Banks grass mite

Banks grass mites, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks), exhibit a behavior that facilitates their dispersal as aerial plankton over long distances. The propensity to display this behavior and its latency varies among individual mites. Some of this variation can be attributed to genetic differences among individuals. Mother-daughter resemblance and bi-directional selection were used to estimate the genetic component of latency of the aerial dispersal behavior in a wild population collected from corn plants. Mother-daughter regression analysis suggested that up to 10% of variation in initiation of aerial dispersal behavior was attributable to an additive genetic component. Subsequent selection for shorter and longer latency resulted in significant divergence between selected lines after 9 generation, but the response was not symmetrical. Realized heritability for shorter latency was 0.09, while that for longer latency was not different from 0. This response to selection was consistent with results of the mother-daughter analysis, and the response asymmetry may explain the high variability in the mother-daughter regression. In both their natural habitat and in a corn agroecosystem, mites survive by using a succession of temporarily available hosts. Aerial dispersal behavior by Banks grass mites facilitates colonization of new hosts. The genetic basis and selection response of behavior initiating aerial dispersal is consistent with its role in mites population dynamics in this setting.     

Albino inflorescence proliferation of Dendrocalamus latiflorus

Summary Inflorescence proliferation is a plant tissue culture technique that, can be used to obtain in vitro inflorescences year-round without the intervening development of vegetative organs. In this study, we used albino mutant inflorescences of Dendrocalamus latiflorus as the original explant material to investigate, the effect of plant growth regulators on long-term inflorescence proliferation. The albino inflorescences proliferated on solidified Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ), and the optimal concentration for successful long-term inflorescence proliferation was 0.45 μM TDZ. A combination of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) with 0.45 μM TDZ inhibited the inflorescence proliferation. Inflorescences cultured on a TDZ-free medium supplemented with 26.82 μM NAA rooted in 21 d, vegetative shoots formed by 42 d and, in one case, flowering occurred after 63 d. The auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, 4.52 μM) and pieloram (4.14 μM) induced shoot formation. The protocol described can be used to produce large numbers of mutant inflorescences within a relatively short period of time.     

A Dynamic Corral Model of Receptor Trafficking at a Synapse

The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a cytoskeletal specialization within the postsynaptic membrane of a neuron that helps to concentrate and organize neurotransmitter receptors at a chemical synapse. The total number of receptors within the PSD, which is a major factor in determining the physiological strength or weight of a synapse, fluctuates due to the surface diffusion of receptors into and out of the PSD, and the interactions of receptors with scaffolding proteins and cytoskeletal elements within the PSD. In this article, we present a stochastic model of protein receptor trafficking at the PSD that takes into account these various processes. The PSD is treated as a stochastically gated corral, which contributes a source of extrinsic or environmental noise that supplements the intrinsic noise arising from small receptor numbers. Using a combination of stochastic analysis and Monte Carlo simulations, we determine the time-dependent variation in the mean and variance of synaptic receptor numbers for a variety of initial conditions that simulate fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments, and indicate how such data might be used to infer certain properties of the PSD.     

De novo-synthesized ceramide signals apoptosis in astrocytes via extracellular signal-regulated kinase.

Recent observations support the importance of ceramide synthesis de novo in the induction of apoptosis. However, the downstream targets of de novo-synthesized ceramide are unknown. Here we show that palmitate incorporated into ceramide and induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation in astrocytes. These effects of palmitate were exacerbated when fatty acid breakdown was uncoupled and were not evident in neurons, which show a very low capacity to take up and metabolize palmitate. Palmitate-induced apoptosis of astrocytes was prevented by L-cycloserine and fumonisin B1, two inhibitors of ceramide synthesis de novo, and by PD098059, an inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade. Accordingly, palmitate activated ERK by a process that was dependent on ceramide synthesis de novo and Raf-1, but independent of kinase suppressor of Ras. Other potential targets of ceramide in the control of cell fate, namely, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and protein kinase B, were not significantly affected in astrocytes exposed to palmitate. Results show that the Raf-1/ERK cascade is the selective downstream target of de novo-synthesized ceramide in the induction of apoptosis in astrocytes and also highlight the importance of ceramide synthesis de novo in apoptosis of astrocytes, which might have pathophysiological relevance.     

Morphological characteristics in relation to diet in five coexisting Thai fish species

Morphological characteristics and intestinal content were analysed for five species of coexisting freshwater fishes in Thailand: Rasbora caudimaculata , Schistura desmotes , Dermogenys pusillus , Xenentodon cancila and Monopterus albus (all found in riffle habitats in Thai streams). Rasbora caudimaculata , S. desmotes and D. pusillus fed predominantly on ephemeropterans, hymenopterans and dipterans, X. cancila fed predominantly on fishes, and larger aquatic invertebrates such as Odonata, and M. albus fed on detritus as well as invertebrate prey such as crustaceans and Odonata. Intestine length, mouth height, mouth width, eye position and mouth orientation varied among all five species. Canonical analysis of discriminance of mouth height, width and intestine length showed a clear dispersion of species, which was supported by intestine content. Evolutionary processes leading to the present differences in morphological characters resulted in each of the five species consuming a different portion of the available resource base, thereby facilitating coexistence.