卧床前后压力感受性反射机能变化的研究

许多数据表明长期失重以后立位耐力降低可能与压力感受性反射功能的改变有关。本文比较了两组被试者15天低动力卧床前后的立位耐力。以血压调节模型为基础分析了两种不同方式卧床前后单纯立位和下身负压加立位时压力感受性反射功能的改变,并用颈部加压及下身负压对中枢调节功能改变进行了观察。结果表明严格的头低位卧床后,立位耐力下降及压力感受性反射功能改变明显大于半日平卧半日倚坐者。而压力感受性反射功能的改变,特别是中枢神经系统调节功能的紊乱,是卧床后立位耐力降低的主要原因。从这种考虑为基础,作者提出了改变失重或模拟失重状态下的血液分布,调整对压力感受器的刺激,可能是预防心血管失调的有效方法。     

Molecular and Clinical Characteristics of Clonal Complex 59 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Mainland China

Detailed molecular analyses of Clonal Complex 59 (CC59) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from children in seven major cities across Mainland China were examined. A total of 110 CC59 isolates from invasive and non-invasive diseases were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Antibiotics susceptibilities, carriage of plasmids and 42 virulence genes and the expression of virulence factors were examined. ST59 (101/110, 91.8%) was the predominant sequence type (ST), while single locus variants (SLVs) belonging to ST338 (8/110, 7.3%) and ST375 (1/110, 0.9%) were obtained. Three SCCmec types were found, namely type III (2.7%), type IV (74.5%) and type V (22.7%). Seven spa types including t437, which accounted for 87.3%, were determined. Thirteen PFGE types were obtained. PFGE types A and B were the major types totally accounting for 81.8%. The dominant clone was ST59-t437-IVa (65.5%), followed by ST59-t437-V (14.5%). The positive rate of luks-PV and lukF-PV PVL encoding (pvl) gene was 55.5%. Plasmids were detected in 83.6% (92/110) of the strains. The plasmid size ranging from 23.4 kb to 50 kb was most prevalent which accounted for 83.7% (77/92). A significantly lower expression of hla was found in ST59-t437-IVa compared with ST59-t437-V. Among the 110 cases, 61.8% of the patients were less than 1 year old. A total of 90 cases (81.8%) were community-associated (CA) infections whereas 20 cases (18.2%) were hospital-associated (HA) infections. Out of the 110 patients, 36.4% (40/110) were diagnosed with invasive infectious diseases in which ST59-t437-IVa accounted for 67.5% (27/40). In brief, ST59-t437-IVa was proved as the dominant clone in CC59 MRSA strains. The carriage rate of pvl gene was high. CC59 MRSA could result in CA and HA infections. The majortiy of MRSA infection children were in young age.     

The cell agglutination agent, phytohemagglutinin-L, improves the efficiency of somatic nuclear transfer cloning in cattle (Bos taurus)

One of the several factors that contribute to the low efficiency of mammalian somatic cloning is poor fusion between the small somatic donor cell and the large recipient oocyte. This study was designed to test phytohemagglutinin (PHA) agglutination activity on fusion rate, and subsequent developmental potential of cloned bovine embryos. The toxicity of PHA was established by examining its effects on the development of parthenogenetic bovine oocytes treated with different doses (Experiment 1), and for different durations (Experiment 2). The effective dose and duration of PHA treatment (150 microg/mL, 20 min incubation) was selected and used to compare membrane fusion efficiency and embryo development following somatic cell nuclear transfer (Experiment 3). Cloning with somatic donor fibroblasts versus cumulus cells was also compared, both with and without PHA treatment (150 microg/mL, 20 min). Fusion rate of nuclear donor fibroblasts, after phytohemagglutinin treatment, was increased from 33 to 61% (P < 0.05), and from 59 to 88% (P < 0.05) with cumulus cell nuclear donors. The nuclear transfer (NT) efficiency per oocyte used was improved following PHA treatment, for both fibroblast (13% versus 22%) as well as cumulus cells (17% versus 34%; P < 0.05). The cloned embryos, both with and without PHA treatment, were subjected to vitrification and embryo transfer testing, and resulted in similar survival (approximately 90% hatching) and pregnancy rates (17-25%). Three calves were born following vitrification and embryo transfer of these embryos; two from the PHA-treated group, and one from non-PHA control group. We concluded that PHA treatment significantly improved the fusion efficiency of somatic NT in cattle, and therefore, increased the development of cloned blastocysts. Furthermore, within a determined range of dose and duration, PHA had no detrimental effect on embryo survival post-vitrification, nor on pregnancy or calving rates following embryo transfer.     

Diagnostic Evaluation of Des-Gamma-Carboxy Prothrombin versus α-Fetoprotein for Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma in China: A Large-Scale,Multicentre Study

An efficient serum marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently lacking and requires intensive exploration. We aimed to evaluate the performance of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) for identifying hepatitis B virus-related HCC in a large, multicentre study in China. A total of 1034 subjects in three cohorts (A, B, and C) including HCC and various non-HCC controls were enrolled from 4 academic medical centers in China from January 2011 to February 2014. Blind parallel detections were conducted for DCP and AFP. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacies. In cohort A, which comprised 521 subjects, including patients with HCC, liver metastasis, liver cirrhosis (LC), and liver hemangiomas as well as healthy controls (HCs), the accuracy of DCP for distinguishing HCC from various controls was 6.2–9.7% higher than that of AFP. In cohort B, which comprised 447 subjects, including patients with HCC, LC, and chronic hepatitis B as well as HC, the accuracy of DCP was further elevated (12.3–20.67% higher than that of AFP). The superiority of DCP to AFP was more profound in the surveillance of early HCC [AUC 0.837 (95% CI: 0.771–0.903) vs. 0.650 (0.555–0.745)] and AFP-negative HCC [AUC: 0.856 (0.798–0.914)] and in discriminating HCC from LC (accuracy: 92.9% vs.64.71%). Higher DCP levels were associated with worse clinical behaviors and shorter disease-free survival. DCP not only is complementary to AFP in identifying AFP-negative HCC and in excluding AFP-positive non-HCC (liver cirrhosis), but also demonstrates improved performance in HCC surveillance, early diagnosis, treatment response and recurrence monitoring in the HBV-related population.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates primate choroid-retinal endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation through PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK dependent signaling

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a hypoxia-induced angiogenic protein that exhibits a broad range of biological and pathological effects in wet age-related macular degeneration and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. However, its specific mechanism is still not fully understood. Here, we examined the effects of VEGF on choroid-retinal endothelial cells (RF/6A) proliferation and tube formation, and the underlying signal pathways responsible in this process. RF/6A cells were pretreated with MEK inhibitor or PI3K inhibitor, and then incubated in a hypoxia chamber. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were carried out to explore VEGF expression on mRNA and protein levels. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and VEGFR2 expression levels were also investigated in the presence and absence of hypoxic conditions. CCK-8 analysis and tube formation assay were tested under hypoxia, exogenous recombinant VEGF, and different signal pathway inhibitors, respectively. Mean while, the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways in this process were also investigated. Our results showed that VEGF, HIF-1α, VEGFR2, p-ERK, and p-Akt were up-regulated in RF/6A cells under hypoxic conditions. MEK inhibitor (PD98059) and PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) decreased ERK and Akt activity, respectively, and reduced VEGF expression. VEGF-induced RF/6A proliferation and tube formation requires MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling, and both of the two pathways were needed in regulating VEGF expression. These suggest that VEGF plays an important role in RF/6A proliferation and tube formation, and MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathway may be responsible for this process.     

利用葡萄糖废母液生产酒精的研究

选育出两株利用葡萄糖废母液生产酒精的菌株S_(995)和S_8。S_(095)用于70％母液和30％糖蜜混合连续酒精发酵,醪液中酒精份平均可达10.1％。S_8用于50％、70％母液和50％、30％玉米糖化醪混合生产酒精,醪液中酒精份可达12.37％(实验室数据)和10％(实际生产数据)。     

醋酸钙复盐对微生物生长的影响

应用四醋酸钙对黑曲霉、黄曲霉、米曲霉、链格孢霉等霉菌和大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、绿脓杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等细菌生长影响作了研究,并将四醋酸钙与醋酸钙、苯甲酸钠对上述微生物的生长抑制作用加以比较。0.4％四醋酸钙对上述细菌的生长有明显的抑制作用。对上述霉菌生长亦有一定的抑制作用。当其与苯甲酸钠协同使用时,能更明显地抑制微生物生长。实验结果表明四醋酸钙很可能是一种安全性高、成本低的新型食品防腐剂。     

Involvement of OsPht1;4 in phosphate acquisition and mobilization facilitates embryo development in rice

Phosphate (Pi) transporters mediate acquisition and transportation of Pi within plants. Here, we investigated the functions of OsPht1;4 (OsPT4), one of the 13 members of the Pht1 family in rice. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR analysis revealed strong expression of OsPT4 in roots and embryos, and OsPT4 promoter analysis using reporter genes confirmed these findings. Analysis using rice protoplasts showed that OsPT4 localized to the plasma membrane. OsPT4 complemented a yeast mutant defective in Pi uptake, and also facilitated increased accumulation of Pi in Xenopus oocytes. Further, OsPT4 genetically modified (GM) rice lines were generated by knockout/knockdown or over‐expression of OsPT4. Pi concentrations in roots and shoots were significantly lower and higher in knockout/knockdown and over‐expressing plants, respectively, compared to wild‐type under various Pi regimes. ³³Pi uptake translocation assays corroborated the altered acquisition and mobilization of Pi in OsPT4 GM plants. We also observed effects of altered expression levels of OsPT4 in GM plants on the concentration of Pi, the size of the embryo, and several attributes related to seed development. Overall, our results suggest that OsPT4 encodes a plasma membrane‐localized Pi transporter that facilitates acquisition and mobilization of Pi, and also plays an important role in development of the embryo in rice.     

The role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in synapse remodeling and neurodegenerative diseases

The ubiquitin proteasome system is a potent regulatory mechanism used to control protein stability in numerous cellular processes, including neural development. Many neurodegenerative diseases are featured by the accumulation of UPS-associated proteins, suggesting the UPS dysfunction may be crucial for pathogenesis. Recent experiments have highlighted the UPS as a key player during synaptic development. Here we summarize recent discoveries centered on the role of the UPS in synapse remodeling and draw attention to the potential link between the synaptic UPS dysfunction and the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases.     

Inhibition of Filamin-A Reduces Cancer Metastatic Potential

Filamin-A cross-links actin filaments into dynamic orthogonal networks, and interacts with an array of proteins of diverse cellular functions. Because several filamin-A interaction partners are implicated in signaling of cell mobility regulation, we tested the hypothesis that filamin-A plays a role in cancer metastasis. Using four pairs of filamin-A proficient and deficient isogenic cell lines, we found that filamin-A deficiency in cancer cells significantly reduces their migration and invasion. Using a xenograft tumor model with subcutaneous and intracardiac injections of tumor cells, we found that the filamin-A deficiency causes significant reduction of lung, splenic and systemic metastasis in nude mice. We evaluated the expression of filamin-A in breast cancer tissues by immunohistochemical staining, and found that low levels of filamin-A expression in cancer cells of the tumor tissues are associated with a better distant metastasis-free survival than those with normal levels of filamin-A. These data not only validate filamin-A as a prognostic marker for cancer metastasis, but also suggest that inhibition of filamin-A in cancer cells may reduce metastasis and that filamin-A can be used as a therapeutic target for filamin-A positive cancer.