Tumor-derived exosomes: Implication in angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis cancer therapy

Tumor cells utilize different strategies to communicate with neighboring tissues for facilitating tumor progression and invasion, one of these strategies has been shown to be the release of exosomes. Exosomes are small nanovesicles secreted by all kind of cells in the body, especially cancer cells, and mediate cell to cell communications. Exosomes play an important role in cancer invasiveness by harboring various cargoes that could accelerate angiogenesis. Here first, we will present an overview of exosomes, their biology, and their function in the body. Then, we will focus on exosomes derived from tumor cells as tumor angiogenesis mediators with a particular emphasis on the underlying mechanisms in various cancer origins. Also, exosomes derived from stem cells and tumor-associated macrophages will be discussed in this regard. Finally, we will discuss the novel therapeutic strategies of exosomes as drug delivery vehicles against angiogenesis.     

Plasmonics Optoelectronics Nanobiosensors for Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarker via Amyloid-Beta (Aβ) in Near-Infrared

The development of diagnostic factors for such neurodegenerative disorders as Alzheimer’s disease is hindered by several limitations that are often witnessed in the early detection of biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and bio-fluids in clinical contexts. Therefore, here, we suggest a highly sensitive plasmonics nanobiosensor for detection of Alzheimer on one nanodevice through the excitation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) depending on graphene chemical potential, called a nanobiosensor. This plasmonic nanobiosensor consists of only graphene metasurfaces and samples but does not need extra approaches for the exact analysis of the sample refractive index. Under FDTD simulation, we analyze the sensitivity of 3900 l/RIU for amyloid-beta (Aβ) and figure of merit of 138. This is the first high-performance plasmonics nanobiosensor to monitoring of Alzheimer samples which can be used to detect Alzheimer easily in the future.

     

12(S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) increases mitochondrial nitric oxide by increasing intramitochondrial calcium

12(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) is one of the metabolites of arachidonic acid involved in pathological conditions associated with mitochondria and oxidative stress. The present study tested effects of 12-HETE on mitochondrial functions. In isolated rat heart mitochondria, 12-HETE increases intramitochondrial ionized calcium concentration that stimulates mitochondrial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (mtNOS) activity. mtNOS-derived NO causes mitochondrial dysfunctions by decreasing mitochondrial respiration and transmembrane potential. mtNOS-derived NO also produces peroxynitrite that induces release of cytochrome c and stimulates aggregation of mitochondria. Similarly, in HL-1 cardiac myocytes, 12-HETE increases intramitochondrial calcium and mitochondrial NO, and induces apoptosis. The present study suggests a novel mechanism for 12-HETE toxicity.     

Standard-bearers of Hussein

Standard-bearers of Hussein: “Women Commemorating Karbala.” Film by Ingvild Flaskerud. DVD, 35 min., PAL, color, 2003; in English and Farsi, with English subtitles. Distributor: Ingvild Flaskerud, ingvildf@sv.uit.no     

Mammalian mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase: characterization of a novel candidate

Recently a novel family of putative nitric oxide synthases, with AtNOS1, the plant member implicated in NO production, has been described. Here we present experimental evidence that a mammalian ortholog of AtNOS1 protein functions in the cellular context of mitochondria. The expression data suggest that a candidate for mammalian mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase contributes to multiple physiological processes during embryogenesis, which may include roles in liver haematopoesis and bone development.     

Maize Iranian mosaic virus infection promotes the energy sources of its insect vector,Laodelphax striatellus

Maize Iranian mosaic virus (MIMV, family Rhabdoviridae) causes an important disease in cereal crops in Iran. It is transmitted by the planthopper Laodelphax striatellus in a persistent, propagative manner. In the present study, the effect of MIMV on the energy reserves of L. striatellus was studied by comparing energy contents in viruliferous and non‐viruliferous insects. Results showed that MIMV‐infected male and female adults, and nymphs stored 1.82, 2.24 and 1.7‐fold more total energy reserves than non‐viruliferous individuals. This is consistent with a 2.55‐fold increase of the total energy (sum of energy sources in nymphs and adults) of viruliferous compared to non‐viruliferous specimens. A significant increase in glycogen (2.26‐fold), carbohydrate (2.13‐fold), lipid (1.63‐fold) and protein (1.96‐fold) was documented in viruliferous insects compared to non‐viruliferous insects. Based on these results, we conclude that MIMV enhances the energy reserves of its vector and therefore, may play a vital role in the ecology of L. striatellus.     

Small RNAs are modified with N-glycans and displayed on the surface of living cells

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Keratinocyte cadherin desmoglein 1 controls melanocyte behavior through paracrine signaling

The epidermis is the first line of defense against ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun. Keratinocytes and melanocytes respond to UV exposure by eliciting a tanning response dependent in part on paracrine signaling, but how keratinocyte:melanocyte communication is regulated during this response remains understudied. Here, we uncover a surprising new function for the keratinocyte‐specific cell–cell adhesion molecule desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) in regulating keratinocyte:melanocyte paracrine signaling to promote the tanning response in the absence of UV exposure. Melanocytes within Dsg1‐silenced human skin equivalents exhibited increased pigmentation and altered dendrite morphology, phenotypes which were confirmed in 2D culture using conditioned media from Dsg1‐silenced keratinocytes. Dsg1‐silenced keratinocytes increased melanocyte‐stimulating hormone precursor (Pomc) and cytokine mRNA. Melanocytes cultured in media conditioned by Dsg1‐silenced keratinocytes increased Mitf and Tyrp1 mRNA, TYRP1 protein, and melanin production and secretion. Melanocytes in Dsg1‐silenced skin equivalents mislocalized suprabasally, reminiscent of early melanoma pagetoid behavior. Together with our previous report that UV reduces Dsg1 expression, these data support a role for Dsg1 in controlling keratinocyte:melanocyte paracrine communication and raise the possibility that a Dsg1‐deficient niche contributes to pagetoid behavior, such as occurs in early melanoma development.     

Effect of Lactobacillus casei on Innate Immunity Responses and Aeromonas hydrophila Resistance in Shabot,Tor grypus

Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins - For investigating the possible effect of Lactobacillus casei on the immune status of Shabot, Tor grypus, 480 fish weighing...